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As a consequence of Triatoma infestons eradication in Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and Brazil, these countries are considered free from Trypanosoma cruzi vectorial transmission, but the adaptation of wild triatomine species to human dwellings and recolonization by surviving insects after spraying deserve a continuing follow up. Considering an endemic area of Chagas disease in northeast Brazil, João Costa in Piauí, T. brasiliensis, T. pseudomaculata and, more rarely, T. sordida were collected in domestic and peridomestic habitats to evaluate the blood source and the infection rate by T. cruzi. The major hosts of all triatomines were birds, rodents, dogs and marsupials. The RAPD analysis of specimens of the predominant species, T. brasiliensis, showed a very homogeneous pattern of peridomestic and domestic populations that differed from that of T. brasiliensis collected in another county, 50 km away. Only T. brasiliensis colonized human dwellings, and 5.6% of the bugs were infected with T. cruzi that belonged to T. cruzi groups I and II, according to the biochemical and molecular characterizations. Our results emphasize the importance of maintaining vector surveillance and control programs.
Chagas disease, caused by the obligate unicellular parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, presents itself in a diverse collection of clinical manifestations, ranging from severe, fatal heart and digestive tract pathologies to unapparent or minor alterations that do not compromise survival. Over the years, a number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of chagasic tissue lesions, all of which have faced some criticism or been received with skepticism. This article excludes the autoimmunity hypothesis for Chagas disease because it has been extensively reviewed elsewhere, and summarizes the various alternative hypotheses that have been advanced over the years. For each of these hypotheses, an outline of its main tenets and key findings that support them is presented. This is followed by the results and comments that have challenged them and the caveats that stand on their way to wider acceptance. It is hoped that this writing will draw attention to our shortcomings in understanding the pathogenesis of Chagas disease, which, unfortunately, continues to figure among the most serious health problems of the American continent.
The control of trypanosomosis in animals and humans based on chemotherapy is limited and not ideal, since the agents used are associated with severe side effects, and emergence of relapse and drug resistant parasites. The need for the development of new, cheap and safe compounds stimulated this study. Three concentrations (211, 21.1 and 2.11 mg per ml) of chloroform stem bark extract of Annona muricata were screened for trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei in vitro. Also, two doses (200 mg per kg and 100 mg per kg) of the extract were evaluated for trypanocidal activity in rats infected with the parasite. Haematological parameters were determined on day 1 post infection and on days 1, 6 and 30-post extract treatment. The extracts inhibited parasite motility and totally eliminated the organisms at the concentrations used in vitro. The extract also showed promising in vivo trypanocidal activity. The observed in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal activities may be due to the presence of bioactive compounds present in the extracts as seen in this study. The extract also improved the observed decreases in haematological parameters of the treated rats, which may be due to their ability to decrease parasite load. The observed oral LD50 of 1,725.05 mg per kg of the chloroform A. muricata extract using up and down method is an indication of very low toxicity, implying that the extract could be administered with some degree of safety.
The Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico is endemic with Chagas disease. The main vector responsible for Trypanosoma cruzi transmission is Triatoma dimidiata which is abundant in domestic, peridomestic and sylvan cycles. The abundance of vectors favours T. cruzi transmission and is a high risk for developing chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC). In the past 10 years, little information was available on parasite seroprevalence and the prevalence of CCC in the Yucatan Peninsula. In the present work, we studied two Mayan communities with a high abundance of T. dimidiata and a random serial sample of 233 patients with an altered electrocardiogram or cardiac failure admitted to the Regional Hospital. A homemade enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect immunofluorescence standardized techniques were used to detect anti-T. cruzi IgG. In addition, Mayan volunteers were monitored by electrocardiography. In the Mayan communities, 4.8% (3/63) subjects were positive for T. cruzi antibodies none of them presented electrocardiographic alterations, however in seronegative subjects were detected right or left ventricle hypertrophy in 25% (16/63). A remarkable finding was that 90% of the Mayan population recognized the vector and 65% of them had experienced contact with triatomines bites. At the Regional Hospital 0.42% (1/233) were positive for T. cruzi antibodies showing compatible diagnosis with CCC; the most frequent pathology in this population was hypertension in 65% (151/233) and the less frequent was dilated myocardiopathy 6% (14/233). In conclusion, the prevalence of T. cruzi infection and CCC can be considered low in Yucatan, Mexico.
Of the 55 lemmings captured in northern Finland in 1998, five had disseminated Hepatozoon sp. infection. Besides lungs, meronts were seen in the heart, kidney, liver and/or spleen. In the lungs, also visible were dizoic cysts, and merozoites engulfed by macrophages in a microgranuloma. The trypomastigotes detected in the plasma of eight of the lemmings differed in size, and in other morphological characteristics from those seen in this host species elsewhere. The mean hematocrit of the lemmings with disseminated hepatozoonosis was lower (39.6) than that reported from wild lemmings with no noticeable parasites (45), but the hematocrit values of the Trypanosoma sp. infected lemmings were within the normal range.
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