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One of the critical aspects which has been emphasized at UNCED conference is utilization of coastal areas and its issues. Considering the afore-mentioned critical problems, the coasts of the Caspian Sea are of particular importance. The Caspian Sea is located between five countries: Iran, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Russia and Kazakhstan. The area, with high and specific ecological capabilities, is very suitable to urban development. There is no doubt that development and industrialization might provide socio-economic welfare to the area-dependent inhabitants, but socio-environmental issues could be generated by improper application of technology and industry. As hurried development, without carrying-out environmental impact assessment in watersheds of the Caspian Sea, might impose adverse effects on the environmental quality of the water body, the present study intends to execute Land Degradation Model (LDM) and determination of ecological susceptibility of terrestrial ecosystems using the Object-Oriented Method in sub-watersheds of the water body. Since long-term environmental issues could not immediately be solved by technological approaches, understanding the relationship between development and environmental protection and consideration of environmental impact assessment (EIA) as an important planning tool in planning process, are being focused in order to achieve sustainable development.
Over 700 specimens of Corynosoma strumosum (Rudolphi, 1802) Lühe, 1904 were collected from one young male Caspian seal, Pusa caspica (Gmelin) in the southern land-locked Caspian Sea in April, 2009. Collected worms showed consistent variations from those reported by other observers using light microscopy especially in proboscis hook and trunk spine patterns. SEM images revealed many features that have not been previously reported including the shape and distribution of trunk spines, dorsoventral differences in proboscis hooks and their organization, the baldness of anterior proboscis, the rough egg topography, epidermal micropores, and variations in the female gonopore. This isolated population of C. strumosum from the land-locked Caspian Sea is distinguished from others reported from open waters elsewhere by the distribution of trunk spines, consistently smaller size of trunk and testes, larger eggs, and fewer proboscis hooks. Histopathological sections reveal the invasive path of worms in host tissue with damage to intestinal villi and worm encapsulation. Information obtained from SEM studies and histopathological sections is reported for the first time.
Cercopagis pengoi, a species native to the Ponto-Caspian area, was recorded for the first time in the Baltic Sea in the Gulf of Riga and in the open Gulf of Finland in 1992. Sampling in the shallow coastal area of the western part of the Gulf of Gdańsk at weekly intervals between April 1999 and April 2000 revealed the presence of C. pengoi in the zooplankton community. The species was recorded twice, at densities of 1369 indiv. m−3 on 30 July 1999 and 421 indiv. m−3 on 5 August 1999, when the water temperature was at its maximum, in excess of 21.7◦C and 23.9◦C respectively. C. pengoi had never been recorded in the Gulf of Gdańsk prior to 1999.
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