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In some families of large mammals (Cervidae, Bovidae, Canidae), we examined relationships between the various mating systems adopted and biochemical-genetic variation measured in terms of the mean proportion of polymorphic loci (P), mean heterozygosity (H) and derived coefficients, such as the ratio Pt:P and FIS. Our hypothesis was that genetic variability decreases as the degree of polygyny of the mating system adopted increases. Most of the data were in accordance with this prediction, but also some ambiguous results could be observed. Methodological and practical difficulties connected with our synoptical approach, such as the lack of comparability among most electrophoretic studies and the general scarcity of quantitative behavioural data are critically discussed.
Three different forms of sarcocysts from the zoo animals Pseudois nayaur, Capricomis crispus and Ovibos moschatus (Bovidae, Caprinae) were investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy, in special consideration of the cyst wall. Two of these forms were not distinguishable from Sarcocystis capracanis or the pair of sibling species S. hircicanis/ arieticanis by their morphology. They were, therefore, designated as S. cf. capracanis (in Pseudois) and S. cf. hircicanis/arieticanis (in Pseudois, Capricornis and Ovibos) in this paper. The third form (from Capricornis) was not identifiable as one of the species hitherto known. Its cyst wall, provided with stumpy nail-like, in the outline T-shaped villar protrusions, could not be attributed to one of the types established by Dubey et al. (1989). It was, therefore, described as Sarcocystis capricornis sp. n. The Sarcocystis species described in Caprinae so far were discussed.
We describe new fossil bovid craniodental remains from the Upper Miocene fossil site of Şerefköy-2, Yatağan Basin, SW Turkey. The new material belongs to six species: Gazella cf. G. capricornis, Palaeoryx pallasi, Sporadotragus parvidens, Skoufotragus cf. Sk. schlosseri, Urmiatherium rugosifrons, and ?Sinotragus sp., which together indicate a latest middle–early Late Turolian (Late Miocene) age. Medium-to-large bovid taxa prevail over small ones, and protoryxoid bovids clearly dominate the assemblage. An analysis of the taxonomic structure, size and diet spectra of several Turolian bovid assemblages from Greece and Turkey reveals Şerefköy-2 to be a member of a mammalian palaeocommunity particular to southwestern Anatolia, which in turn forms part of the sub-Paratethyan biogeographic province.
We describe the first bovid fossils from the late middle Miocene (13.4–13.2 Ma) of the Mae Moh Basin of Northern Thailand, and assign the material to the new species Eotragus lampangensis sp. nov., Eotragus cf. lampangensis, and an indeterminate bovid. Our material represents the first report of Eotragus from Southeast Asia, thus greatly extending the geographic distribution of this genus across the Old World continents. While comparisons of the Southeast Asian specimens with abundant material of E. clavatus from Sansan (France) and E. aff. clavatus from Tarazona de Aragón (Spain) indicate a high degree of intraspecific variation within single species of Eotragus, the existence of two distinct taxa at Mae Moh remains a possibility. Based on previous carbon isotope studies of Mae Moh herbivore tooth enamel, Eotragus lampangensis sp. nov. foraged predominantly in an ecotone between grassland and forest.
The long bones (humerus, radius, metacarpus, femur, tibia, metatarsus) of 51 extant bovid and 7 equid specimens were measured in order to test the hypothesis that they show adaptations to different habitats. We performed factor analyses (FAs) with principal component extraction method and plotted the extracted factors (Fs) in simple scatterplots. The preferred habitats (grassland, forest, mountainous regions) were labeled in the plots, and our results show three clearly separated clusters for F2 vs. F3. According to our interpretation, F1 reflects the body size of the specimens while F2 is most probably reflecting cursorial adaptations. F3 is largely affected by dimensional bone characteristics adapted to maneuver in the environment, and therefore, F3 is somehow linked to habitat. The investigated equids are plotting within the cluster of bovids preferring grassland habitats, which is surprising because of different constructions of the metapodials in perissodactyls and ruminants. Performed linear discriminant analyses (LDAs) are supporting our FA results. This approach combines biometrics with statistics and presents a tool, which easily can be applied helping to identify the paleo-habitat or the paleo-ecology of extinct bovids with implications on fossil localities.
Patrilineal phylogeny of Beichuan White goat and other domestic Bovidae was inferred from 5´-UTR and coding region of SRY gene. Variation analysis revealed 208 variable sites, meanwhile, a 50-bp fragment inserted downstream of the initiation codon (ATG) of SRY genes modified the translational initiation process in Bos and Bubalus, while the mechanism of what should be explained in a further study. Amino acid sequence alignments of HMG-box region indicated a high degree of conservation among goats and other Bovidae. All the sequences of Bovidae clustered into Bos,Bubalus and Capra. Bos indicus, Bos taurus, Bos javanicus, Bos frontalis, Bos grunniens and Bison bonasus were comprised in genus Bos, while Bubalus bubalis and Syncerus caffer belonged to genus Bubalus. Beichuan white goats and other Capra hircus specimens were clustered into genus Capra.Patrilineal phylogeny of Bovidae exhibited a discrepancy from the earlier matrilineal analysis.
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