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The influence of Lugol’s solution on the embryonic development and egg hatch of Argas (A.) reflexus at a temperature of 25°C and relative humidity of 30% was investigated. The iodine compound was found to cause high mortality of eggs (23.1%) and embryos (34.8%). In these experiments only 40.9% of the eggs studied hatched into normal larvae. Interesting anomalies of Argas (A.) reflexus larvae, developed under these conditions, were also described.
Fecundity and reproductive activity of 179 females of Argas (A.) reflexus in laboratory conditions, i.e. at temperature 23 ± 1°C and 75% of relative humidity were observed. Under these conditions reproduction activity of females fed in spring lasted since March till August. However, most of females (63.0-91.8%) laid eggs in June and July. Disturbances in egg-laying process of Argas (A.) reflexus females fed in abnormal time, i.e., in autumn and kept in laboratory conditions, were stated. These females were active since December till July (maximum activity was observed in February-34.3% and March-40.0%). Preoviposition and oviposition periods were observed in this study, too.
The most cases of abnormal hatch larvae (40.2%) of A. reflexus were in relative humidity 90% and temperature 25°C; the least (0-2.8%) - at the low relative humidity levels (10 and 30%) in all examined temperatures of experiments. The rise of relative humidity caused the greater number of the disturbances of hatch larvae. The most often inseparation of intergument eggs from body of larvae was observed, what made impossible normal formation of legs and made difficult locomotive faculty.
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The studies were carried out between 1997-1999 within the administrative district of Toruń. Forty sports pigeon breeders together with their pigeons were under study annually. The collected materiał allowed noticing the following issues: in 1997 and 1998 the Argas reflexus (Fabricius, 1794) was present in dovecotes (individuals) and the breeds' owners were pricked. In 1998 numerous specimens of the A. rejlexus were obtained from the materiał from the sanitary-epidemiological station. The specimens were collected from the bodies of the people, family members and from their flat located on the highest third floor of the old house. In the miteinfected dovecotes and in the old houserooms, the following steps were suggested: mechanical cleansing, whitewashing, disinfecting, and triple disinsecting, with fourteen-day-long intervals. The people with the symptoms of acariosis were subjected to treatment with calcium, antiallergic, and anti-fever mixtures, and, in some cases, cortisone ointments were applied. In spite of a considerable growth in the symptoms, the used methods turned out to be successful in all the studied cases.
The pigeon tick Argas reflexus is avian ectoparasite that typically feeds on pigeons. When devoid of a natural host, the ticks can also attack humans. In Upper Silesia, southern Poland, people living in the vicinity of the birds’ nesting sites are frequently bitten by A. reflexus. The bites can provoke serious allergic reactions, including fatal anaphylactic shock. In the present study, residents of 9 apartments invaded by pigeon ticks were invited to undergo medical examination, skin prick tests (SPT) and determination of specific IgE to A. reflexus. The test allergens were prepared of ticks collected on-site. Out of 18 residents living in the infested apartments, 15 accepted the invitation. In this group, 8 persons complained of tick-related health problems, positive SPT to A. reflexus were found in all of them, and specific IgE was detectable in 3 persons (range: 0.38–0.84 kUA/l; CAP class 1–2). Final clinical diagnoses were established of generalised urticaria with asthma in 1 person, generalised urticaria in another 1, and local allergic reactions to tick bites in the remaining 6. Among 7 symptom-free residents, all test results were negative. Besides the study group, the paper also describes the case of a person who developed hypersensitivity to A. reflexus as a child, after a few visits to an abandoned dovecote. 30 years later, positive SPT (++) and specific IgE (0.78 kUA/l; CAP class 2) were still present despite no further re-exposures. The article also discusses available pest control measures against A. reflexus.
The paper presents current knowledge of ticks occurring in Poland, their medical importance, and a review of recent studies implemented in the Polish research centres on ticks and their significance in the epidemiology of transmissible diseases. In the Polish fauna there are 19 species of ticks (Ixodida) recognized as existing permanently in our country: Argas reflexus, Argas polonicus, Carios vespertilionis, Ixodes trianguliceps, Ixodes arboricola, Ixodes crenulatus, Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes lividus, Ixodes rugicollis, Ixodes caledonicus, Ixodes frontalis, Ixodes simplex, Ixodes vespertilionis, Ixodes apronophorus, Ixodes persulcatus, Ixodes ricinus, Haemaphysalis punctata, Haemaphysalis concinna, Dermacentor reticulatus. Occasionally, alien species of ticks transferred to the territory of Poland are recorded: Amblyomma sphenodonti, Amblyomma exornatum, Amblyomma flavomaculatum, Amblyomma latum, Amblyomma nuttalli, Amblyomma quadricavum, Amblyomma transversale, Amblyomma varanensis, Amblyomma spp., Dermacentor marginatus, Hyalomma aegyptium, Hyalomma marginatum, Ixodes eldaricus, Ixodes festai, Rhipicephalus rossicus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The most common species of the highest medical and veterinary importance in Poland is invariably Ixodes ricinus. The review also sets out information on the risks of tickborne diseases in recreational areas of large cities in Poland, ticks as the cause of occupational diseases and dangerous species of ticks attacking people outside the Polish borders. Selected problems of the biology of ticks, the spread of alien species transferred on hosts and prevention of tick attacks have also been presented. The Polish studies on ticks are a valuable contribution to global research on the Ixodida.
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