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I reviewed the ecological and socio-political issues associated with wildfires in North America. I focused on three management practices: (1) restoration of “healthy” forests in western US, (2) postfire (salvage) logging, and (3) the use of ciearcutting to imitate natural disturbances (so called “emulation silviculture”). It has been argued that fire suppression in forests historically dominated by Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) has resulted in changes in their structure and species composition, accumulation of fuels, and increased frequency and area of severe fires (Fig. 1). These problems are being addressed by thinning and prescribed burning, but implementing these actions in mid- and high-elevation forests is controversial because these forests have not been impacted by fire suppression. Salvage logging is intended to recoup economic losses, enhance regeneration and reduce fire risk. However, recent research indicates that postfire logging achieves only the first goal, while hindering regeneration and increasing woody fuel loads. Forest harvest is unlikely to substitute wildfires because of differences in size distribution, frequency, and ecological consequences of the anthropogenic and natural disturbances. While the important ecological role of forest fires is being increasingly recognized, fire management is still facing unresolved problems. Moreover, the ongoing climate warming will make it even more challenging.
In the Midwestern region of North America, a recovery program for Peregrine Falcons Falco peregrinus has been underway since 1982. The historic cliff nesting population was extirpated from the region by 1964 due to problems associated with organochlorine pesticides. Original recovery efforts centered on reestablishing Peregrines at historical sites. Because of predation and habitat changes, these efforts were unsuccessful. At the same time, the amount of urban nesting within the region was increasing. Based upon documented population and dispersal trends, we have suggested an approach at establishing and increasing populations of urbah nesting Peregrines through planned placement of nest boxes and sequential releases of captive-produced young. Many lessons have been learned throughout this recovery program which if addressed, may increase the chances of success for similar programs being initiated elsewhere.
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