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Fauna and aggregations of Agromyzidae in Roztocze Środkowe (SE Poland) have been investigated and discussed.
One of common cereal pests in Poland are flies of the Agromyzidae family. The larvae of these flies is the stage which is harmful. Leaf miner larvae feeding on the leaf parenchyma cause characteristic damage (mines). Their widespread occurrence contributes to a reduction in leaf assimilation surface. Leaf miner larvae mostly damage first-flag and second leaves. Their damage has a negative effect on the yield parameters. Locally they cause losses of economic significance. The flight of leaf miner imagines coincides with the development of leaf beetles (Oulema spp.), another dangerous cereal crop pest. The aim of the conducted research was to determine the optimum time for chemical treatment of leaf mining flies and leaf beetles as part of integrated cereal protection. To achieve that aim, field experiments were conducted in the years 2008–2009 at the Research Station for Variety Testing in Słupia Wielka (the county of Środa Wielkopolska) using winter wheat of the Bogatka variety. Values monitored included the dynamics of flight for leaf mining flies along with the speed of leaf beetle development. The accuracy of the suggested dates was measured by the quantity of the yield obtained. Additionally, the species composition of Agromyzidae damaging winter wheat was also analyzed. During the years of the research, the biggest yields were obtained when both pest species were chemically treated during the period when the leaf mining flies were abundant and when the oldest leaf beetle larvae reached the size of about 2 mm (in the year 2008) and about 4 mm (in the year 2009). It was also determined that the species composition of Agromyzidae damaging winter wheat changes between particular years.
Many species of leaf mining flies feed on cereal crops. Cereal crop plantations with high level of the pest infestation need to be treated with insecticides. The yellow tables covered with glue were used for trapping the pests. The leaf mining flies warning system can provide the information about date of treatment based on counting the trapped imagines of the pest and observation of leaf beetle appearance and its development. The following species of leaf mining flies are the most common in Poland: Phytomyza nigra Mg., Agromyza ambigua Fll., Ceroclontha pygmaea Mg., Agromyza mobilis Mg.
The temperature-dependent development of Hemiptarsenus zilahisebessi Erdös (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a biological control agent of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae), was studied in the laboratory at seven constant temperatures (10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, and 40°C) with a relative humidity of 65% and a photoperiod of 16L:8D h.. The total developmental time (egg to adult) decreased significantly with increasing temperature, and there was no development at 10°C or at 40°C. Linear and nonlinear models were used to describe the relationship between developmental rate (1/days) and temperature (°C), and to determine developmental thresholds. Using a linear model, the lower temperature threshold (zero development) was estimated to be 8.94°C for males and 9.02°C for females, and the thermal constant (K) was 147.1 degree-days (DD) for males and 156.3 DD for females. Among the nonlinear models examined, the Briere-1 and Briere-2 models were accepted on the basis of goodness-of-fit to the data (residual sum of squares and coefficient of determination) and estimable temperature thresholds (T0, Topt and Tmax). These models gave the best description of the temperature-dependent development of H. zilahisebessi. Temperature-based development models can be useful in designing massrearing protocols, in helping to make decisions in augmentative release trials, and in the development of predictive modelling.
A total of nineteen parasitoid species were recorded from agromyzid leafminers in some sites of Middle Anatolia. These species were: Diglyphus iseae (Walker), D. pachyneurus Graham, D. crassinervis Erdös, D. pusztenzis (Erdös&Novicky), D. begini (Ashmead), Baryscapus sp., Hemiptarsenus zilahisebessi Erdös, Pnigalio soemius (Walker), Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), N. clara Szelenyi, N. arvensis Graham, N. chlorogaster (Erdös), Chrysocharis pentheus (Walker), C. phyrne (Walker), C. pubicornis (Zetterstedt), C. viridis (Nees), Pediobius metallicus (Walker) (Eulophidae), Epiclerus panyas (Walker) (Tetracampidae), and Merismus sp. (Pteromalidae). Among the parasitoids reared, Diglyphus begini and Chrysocharis viridis have been for the first time found in Turkey, D. crassinervis, H. zilahisebessi, N. clara and E. panyas were recorded from Chromatomyia horticola and P. soemius was recorded from Liriomyza strigata were recorded for the first time.
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