In the current diagnostics of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Neurochemical Dementia Diagnostics (NDD) plays extremely important role. Two groups of biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are taken currently into consideration: amyloid β (Aβ) peptides and Tau proteins, along with the hyperphosphorylated forms of the latter (pTau). The analyses of these two groups of biomarkers can reveal pathologic alterations as early as twenty years before the onset of the first clinical symptoms. In pre-clinical stages, like mild cognitive impairment (MCI), NDD can reliably predict increased risk of progression into dementia stage of AD. The role of biomarkers of amyloid β deposition in the brain tissue (including the CSF concentrations of Aβ42), as well as the biomarkers of neurodegeneration (including the CSF concentrations of Tau/pTau proteins), is reflected in the currently proposed diagnostic criteria for AD and MCI. Current further directions in the development of NDD include: (1) search for novel biomarkers with improved analytical or diagnostic performance, (2) optimization of the analysis of the biomarkers already available (for example, by improved quality control and inter-laboratory comparison of results), (3) applications of novel technologies enabling better management of patients samples, for example application of multiplexing technologies, and (4) search for biomarkers in the blood.
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