The paper presents an overview of the current state of art on modern production of winter rape seeds in the Czech Republic and Poland. We have taken into account economic and business conditions that shape rapeseed production in both the countries compared to other members of the European Union. We have pointed out the dominant role of new varieties of rape as a carrier of biological progress in the cultivation of oilseed rape. Currently, Polish producers have a greater choice among the registered varieties of winter rape, than the Czech farmers. The essential elements of cultivation technology of winter rape in the Czech Republic and Poland are similar. Average yields of rape seeds obtained in 2014 in the Czech Republic from 1 hectare were 14.5% higher compared to the average rape seed yield in Poland, which reflects the higher production efficiency per area unit there. However, a much larger area of rape production in Poland resulted in 114% higher seed yields in 2014 in Poland than in the Czech Republic.
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