In the paper three soil tillage systems, which are used in contemporary agriculture, on the literature base were presented. Ploughing - the oldest and the most popular system and its modifications depending on depth of plough and intensity of influence on soil. Ploughless system of cultivation - less universal but especially is recommended for ecological farms. The third system, which is called direct sowing, is taken in limited range. The effect of each system on the soil environment, cultivation plants and its usefulness in definite soil, climatic and economic conditions was presented.
Настоящая статья разработана на основании результатов исследований проводимых в разных исследовательских центрах страны, публикованных и непубликованных, но представленных на научных совещаниях. Представленные в ней данные касаются образования урожаев хлебных злаков, пропашных культур, бобовых крупнозернистых и небобовых кормовых культур, возделываемых на песчаных почвах. Приведенные данные показывают, что величина урожаев зависит с существенной степени от гранулометрического состава почвы и ее сельскохозяйственного комплекса. На основании представленных результатов исследований можно констатировать, что агротехнические мероприятия позволяют не только повышать урожаи типичных для данной агротехники культур, но и возделывать культуры с высшими требованиями к почвенным условиям, такие как напр. ячмень, пшеница, свекла, горох, конские бобы. В статье представлен также видовой состав сорняков и их численность на этих почвах.
This paper presents grain yields of winter wheat in relation two forecrops (winter rape and pea) and the influence of increased doses of nitrogen fertilization (N1 — 30, N2 - 60, N3 - 90, N4 -120 kg N/ha). In 1994-1995 an investigation was conducted in a field experiment, design on black earth with the granulomere composition of light loam on the Experimental Farm at Chylice. The yield of winter wheat depended both on the forecrops, the rate of nitrogen and rainfall. The highest yields of winter wheat were reached when it was cultivated after the pea in crop rotation. The obtained results show that after winter rape in 1994 yield of winter wheat and the number spikes per m2 increased to 120 kg N/ha. When winter wheat followed peas the yield increased only to 90 kg N/ha. During the dry year of 1995 the yield of winter wheat depended only on the forecrops. N-fertilization can be reduced by a well selected crop rotation on fertile soil without reducing yields of winter wheat, particulary by incorporating leguminous crops to the soil.
The plants of spring barley and winter rapeseed were cultivated in 4 field rotation and in 4 fertilization treatments: 1) fertilized with NPK, 2) manure, 3) 1/2 NPK + 1/2 manure, 4) without any fertilizer. The content of trace elements in the above ground parts of barley and rapeseed depends on the developmental phase. Most Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn was found in the tillering phase of barley as well as in rosette phase of winter rapeseed. Differentiated organic-mineral fertilization did not effect the content of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in the field of the crops under investigation.
In the paper there were described - on the basis of domestic and foreign literature review - problems related to significance of forecrop for canopy architecture and yield components of winter wheat, crop which is known among the cereals as the most affected by its placing in crop rotation. Either, its share and that of other cereals in tbe crops area increase in the last years surpassing the „tolerance treshold", being established as 65-75% for the settlement conditions in Poland. It means that the cerealsare grown each after other during 2 and even 3 years. Neglecting rotation that determines the choice of forecrop plant and retaining of long enough pauses in cultivating given crop species leads to the degradation of physicat biological and chemical properties of the soil, increase in weeding, infection with pathogenic fungi, resulting in yield decrease. In the review - covering 58 literature references - based on the data concerning natural and production aftermaths of growing winter wheat in various rotations, good and less useful forecrops for this species were indicated and it was underlined the sensitivity of wheat to forecrop and to whole crop rotation. Leguminous plants and their mixtures with cereals cultivated for green fodder or for seeds (species and cultivars of shorter vegetation period).Winter rape, early potatoes and mid-early potatoes cultivated on farmyard manure and the oats are known as the best winter wheat forecrops all over the country. Alternative forecrops could be: clover and other perennials, sugar beets. late potatoes and maize. while the very bad forecrops for winter wheat are: wheat. barley, rye and triticale.