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The lecture will focus on processing that occurs at the level of spinal interneurones in parallel with that traditionally attributed to supraspinal neurones. It will also focus on those properties of spinal interneurones that could be targeted while trying to use the existing interneuronal networks to the maximum during motor rehabilitation.
The acute-phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) is present in the bloodstream at the concentration below 1 µM under physiological conditions, but its level increases significantly during the acute-phase response following infection or inflammatory condition. A consequence of the long-term elevated SAA concentration is deposition of normally soluble serum amyloid A in the form of insoluble fibrils, impairing tissue structure and function. These deposits cause development of a secondary type amyloidosis, called amyloid A protein (AA) amyloidosis, which results in a death of thousands of people per annum around the world. The ability of SAA to form amyloids seems to be connected with the N-terminal portion of the molecule. The capacity of the synthetic peptides derived from the N-terminal sequence of human or mice SAA to form fibrils in vitro proves that the most amyloidogenic region is embedded within the protein’s first 15 amino acids. We decided therefore to use peptides consisting of 11–15 amino acids and the sequence derived from the N-terminus of the parent aggregating protein as a research tool for investigation of the molecular recognition and self-assembly mechanisms that promote the formation of SAA amyloid fibrils deposits. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that non-aggregating very short peptides derived from SAA sequence would interact with the analogous region in the protein molecule or its aggregation-prone N-terminal fragment, and block its assembly into oligomers and amyloid fibrils. We designed and synthesized a peptide with the sequence 1RSFFS5, derived from the human SAA primary structure, and then tested it as a potential inhibitor of the aggregation process of SAA protein. The hypothesis about the role of aromatic interactions in amyloid fibril formation led us to test another peptide: 17LVFF20, which is derived from the sequence of Aβ. We tested propensity of the N-terminal segment (1–15) of mice SAA for amyloid fibrils formation, incubating it either alone or together with the potential inhibitors. Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence test was used to detect amyloid fibrils formation. These tests confirmed that the designed peptides are able to diminish propensity of the aggregation-prone SAA peptides to form amyloid fibrils. There are currently no effective medical treatment of diseases associated with the systemic amyloidosis. We believe that results of the presented project open up new possibilities in designing compounds that are able to prevent formation of amyloid deposits and could be a starting point for the design of peptidomimetic molecules more suitable as potential drugs. The work was supported by grant NCN nr 2011/03/N/NZ5/01460 and grant BMN No 538-8440-1042-12.
INTRODUCTION: Epidural stimulation and trans-spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) are used in clinical practice for restoring motor functions or pain relief. However, the use of epidural stimulation is limited by low stimulus intensities tolerated by patients. Locally applied cathodal DC was recently demonstrated to increase the excitability of intraspinal preterminal axonal branches for more than one hour. AIM(S): Our aim was to examine whether brief episodes of epidural DC combined with epidural stimulation evokes long-lasting increase in the excitability of myelinated axons within the dorsal columns. METHOD(S): 17 adult rats of both sexes (Wistar, 2–6 months old, 200–450 g) were used in this study. In deeply anaesthetized animals, afferent volleys in sural and peroneal nerve were evoked by epidural stimuli via needle tungsten electrodes positioned in contact with the dura mater within the L1–L3 segments. The effects of cathodal DC (0.8–1.0 μA) on the excitability of skin and muscle sensory fibres were assessed by changes in antidromic compound action potentials. The areas of nerve volleys evoked before, during, and after DC polarization were measured within time windows of 0.3–1.4 ms from their onset. RESULTS: The study revealed that cathodal DC applied via epidural electrodes resulted in a several-fold increases in the number of epidurally activated fibres. The volley area measured after 10 minutes increased by 411±97%, 733±251% and 502±94% following 15–30 s, 1 min and 2 or 5 min of DC application, respectively. Importantly, the increase in the excitability appeared within seconds and remained elevated for more than one hour. CONCLUSIONS: Combining epidural stimulation and trans-spinal DC polarization may improve their clinical outcome. The differences in time course of DC evoked increases in the excitability of nerve fibres in the dorsal columns compared to previously reported effects in pre-terminal axonal branches suggest a new form of plasticity. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: The study was supported by a grant from Stiftelsen Sigurd & Elsa Goljes Minne to Elzbieta Jankowska.
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