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The state of the vascular system of the mother and of placenta is known to exert a great influence on intrauterinal development of the fetus. Pre-eclampsia is the most common pathological syndrome connected with pregnancy. Since collagen is one of the main constituents of the vessel wall a comparison was made with collagen content and its molecular polymorphism in umbilical cord veins of newborns from healthy and pre-eclamptic mothers. It was found that umbilical cord veins of newborns from moth­ers with pre-eclampsia contained 18% less collagen than those of the newborns from normal pregnancies. This decrease was accompanied by a slight decrease of collagen solubility, but all its types (I, III, IV, V and VI) were present. However, the umbilical vein wall of newborns from mothers with pre-eclampsia contained relatively less of type I and more of type III collagen than the normal umbilical cord. These differences may be connected with a disturbance of blood flow in fetus of a woman with pre-eclampsia.
The extracellular matrix components are differentially distributed among various structures of the umbilical cord. Wharton's jelly is especially rich in collagens and growth factors. Cathepsin B is a major cysteine protease involved in collagen degradation, as well as in the activation of precursor forms of other collagenolytic enzymes and growth factors. We assessed the activity and expression of cathepsin B in the umbilical cord arteries, veins and Wharton's jelly. Extracts of separated umbilical cord components were subjected to an activity assay with the use of specific fluorogenic substrate. The expression of cathepsin B protein was qualitatively evaluated by Western immunoblotting and quantitatively determined with an immunoenzymatic method. The total cathepsin B activity and content calculated per gram of DNA were higher in Wharton's jelly than in the umbilical cord vessels, and the latter parameter was the lowest in the umbilical cord arteries. Moreover, the expression and the activity of latent cathepsin B (following activation by pepsin digestion) calculated per gram of DNA were the highest in Wharton's jelly and the lowest in the umbilical cord arteries. High expression and activity of latent, pepsin-activatable cathepsin B related to DNA content in Wharton's jelly seem to reflect the stimulation of its cells by high amounts of collagen I and growth factors.
It was found that hyaluronic acid is the most abundant glycosaminoglycan (GAG) both in the umbilical cord arteries and in the umbilical cord veins. Chromatographic and as well as electrophoretic studies demonstrated that EPH-gestosis (Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension), the most common pathological syndrome occurring in pregnancy, is accompanied by premature replacement of hyaluronic acid by sulphated GAGs in the investigated arteries but not in the veins. Such a replacement is a characteristic feature of the ageing process. One may conclude that EPH-gestosis is associated with a "premature ageing" of the umbilical cord arterial walls. The mechanism and possible role of this phenomenon in pathology are discussed.
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