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Plant cytoplasmic tyrosine tRNA was pseudouridylated at three different positions: 35, 39 and 55. These pseudouridines were introduced by three different enzymes - pseudouridine synthases. Variants of the Arabidopsis thaliana pre-tRNATyr were constructed that allow to monitor specifically pseudouridylation at different nucleotide positions. Using such RNAs to assay pseudouridine synthesis we have prepared an extract from Lupinus luteus cv. Ventus seeds containing activities of at least Ψ35 and Ψ55 synthases. This is the first report describing the preparation of the lupin seed extract that specifically modifies plant pre-tRNATyr transcribed by T7 RNA polymerase. U35 is converted to Ψ35 only in an intron-dependent manner, while pseudouridylation of U55 is insensitive to the presence or absence of an intron.
Although the delta ribozymes have been stud ied for more than ten years the most im- por tant in for ma tion con cern ing their struc ture and mech a nism of ca tal y sis were only ob tained very re cently. The crys tal struc ture of the genomic delta ribozyme turns out to be an ex cel lent ex am ple of the ex traor di nary prop er ties of RNA mol e cules to fold into uniquely com pact struc tures. De tails of the X-ray struc ture have greatly stim u- lated fur ther stud ies on the fold ing of the ribozymes into func tion ally ac tive mol e cules as well as on the mech a nism of RNA ca tal y sis. The abil ity of the delta ribozymes to carry out gen eral acid-base ca tal y sis by nu cle o tide side chains has been as sumed in two pro posed mech a nisms of self-cleavage. Re cently, con sid er able prog ress has been also made in char ac ter iz ing the cat a lytic prop er ties of trans-act ing ribozyme vari ants that are po ten tially at trac tive tools in the strat egy of di rected RNA degradation.
 Two early nodulin 40 (enod40) genes, ENOD40-1, the shortest legume ENOD40 gene, and ENOD40-2, were isolated from Lupinus luteus, a legume with indeterminate nodules. Both genes were expressed at similar levels during symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. ENOD40 phylogeny clustered the L. luteus genes with legumes forming determinate nodules and revealed peptide similarities. The ENOD40-1 small ORF A fused to a reporter gene was efficiently expressed in plant cells, indicating that the start codon is recognized for translation. The ENOD40-1 RNA structure predicted based on Pb(II)-induced cleavage and modeling revealed four structurally conserved domains, an absence of domain 4 characteristic for legumes of indeterminate nodules, and interactions between the conserved region I and a region located upstream of domain 6. Domain 2 contains Mg(II) ion binding sites essential for organizing RNA secondary structure. The differences between L. luteus and Glycine max ENOD40 RNA models suggest the possibility of a switch between two structural states of ENOD40 transcript.
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