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The aim of the study was to evaluate cellulolytic and amylolytic enzymes activities in substrates, regarding the time of the Pleurotus ostreatus (Mori Hiratake no 39) B7 mycelium incubation, and the stage of physiological development. The experiment was divided into three parts which had different times of mycelium incubation before fructification: I – the time of incubation – 2 weeks; II – 4 weeks; III – 6 weeks. After the mycelium incubation, cold-shock and mechanical-shock was provided on each series. Researches proved that agents such as the time of mycelium incubation in substrate, agrotechnical treatment (cold-shock, mechanical-shock), and the type of mycelium layer had an impact on cellulolytic and amylolytic activity of mycelium in the cultivation’s substrate. The biggest influence on change of enzymatic activity had agrotechnical treatment: cold-shock and mechanical-shock.
The studies were conducted on the shrubs of mountain pine (Pinus mugo Turra) in the years 1999-2001. Observations were performed on the plants growing in the green areas of Lublin in two sites: a street site (A) and a park one (B). The purpose of the studies was to establish the species composition and the population dynamics of aphids inhabiting dwarf mountain pine. The studies on the shrubs of the mountain pine found out the presence of four species of aphids: Cinara pini L., Schizolachnus pineti F., Eulachnus rileyi (Will.) and Pineus pini (Ratz.). Among those, only C. pini occurred in both sites in each of the studied years. Weather conditions had an effect on the development of aphid population. A delayed period of vegetation, air temperatures above 30°C as well as stormy rainfalls considerably limited the population of aphids.
The studies were conducted in Lublin in the years 1999-2001 in two sites (street and park ones) on the trees Crataegus x media Bechst. The purpose was to determine the domination and frequency of particular aphid species, their effect on the decorative character of plants as well as the occurrence of the aphidophagous in aphid colonies. It was found out that A. pami was the dominating species in both sites. The decorative character of the studied trees was lowered by aphids A. pami and aphids from the genus Dysaphis. Aphids from the genus Dysaphis also caused changes in the chemical composition of the injured plant parts. The presence of predatory arthropods was observed in aphid colonies occurring on hawthorn. The most numerous of these were the larvae of Syrphidae and Caccinellidae. The culture of parasitized aphids gave numerous flights of parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. Greater number of both predators and parasitoids of I and II grades were observed in the street site as compared to the park site.
Observations were conducted in the years 1999-2001 on the shrubs Pinus mugo Turra growing in the green areas of Lublin in two sites (street and park). The purpose of the studies was to establish the domination and frequency of aphids, their effect on the decorative character of shrubs and the occurrence of the aphidophagous arthropods in the aphid colonies inhabiting mountain pine. It was found out that Schizolachnus pineti F. was the dominating species in the street site (A), while Ci tiara pini L. dominated in the park site (B). The decorative character of shrubs was clearly lowered only by aphids S. pineti. Predatory arthropods occurred in aphid colonies inhabiting the shrubs P. mugo. Their population in both sites was low, that is why they probably had little influence on limiting the aphid population. Parasitic Hymenoptera of I and II degrees obtained from a culture of aphid mummies were more numerous in the street site.
The studies were conducted in the years 1999-2001 in the green areas of Lublin, on the trees of Crataegus x media Bechst. The purpose of the studies was to establish the species composition and the population dynamics of aphids inhabiting hawthorn in the street and park sites. The studies found out the presence of four aphid species on the examined trees, namely Aphis pomi De Geer, aphids from the genus Dysaphis Bom., Ovatus crataegarius (Walk.) and Rhopalosiphum insertum (Walk.). More aphid species and bigger popu1ations were found in the street site (A) as compared with the park site (B).The weather conditions (air temperatures of over 30°C and stormy rainfalls) limited the population of all aphid species. On the other hand, a mild winter and a warm spring with the rainfalls within the norm caused that the number of aphids decreased considerably.
A study was conducted in order to determine the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidative activity of extracts from Flammulina velutipes. Water and ethanolic, methanolic, acetone (70% v/v) extracts were prepared from lyophilized fruiting bodies of mushrooms. Different extraction techniques were used: ultrasonication and stirring by a rotary shaker at ambient temperature and at 50oC, and at boiling point for each solvent. Next, total phenolics by Folin-Ciocalteu method, antioxidant capacity (EC) by ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and scavenging ability on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals were analysed in these extracts. It was observed that the extraction method and the kind of solvent influenced the antioxidant activity and concentration of total phenolics in the extracts. The highest concentration of phenolic compounds (7.58±0.17 mg GAE/g extract) were observed for water extract prepared with use of ultrasonification method (at 50oC for 1h). Results showed that water extracts possessed high equivalent capacity (EC) for all applied extraction methods. The highest EC value (9.2±0.18 mM Fe2+/g extract) was observed in water extract prepared by stirring at ambient temperature for 1 h. This extract was characterized by high level of total phenolics. The acetone extracts, prepared by ultrasonic extraction at 50oC for 1 h, at 10 mg/ml showed the highest scavenging activity (57.53±1.18%), although, the value was lower than that of ascorbic acid at 10 mg/ml (60.50±1.32%).
The aim of the research was to assess the quality of 21 soil-grown determinate tomato varieties.All of them are recommended for crop production in Polish climate conditions. The colour of fruitsand the contents of dry mass, extract, total sugars, vitamin C and carotenoids were analysed. It is not feasible to select one single variety with high levels of all the studied parameters. The varieties with the highest content of total carotenoids (Ricoco and Progress) are characterized by the low content of vitamin C. Malinowy Kujawski variety is characterised by the high content of dry mass and thehighest content of total extract and sugars. However, it has the lowest value of a* parameter and lowcontent of carotenoids. Due to small size of fruits, high contents of dry matter, total extract, sugarsand total carotenoids Progress variety can be recommended both for the fresh market and processing
Jedną z przyczyn nadciśnienia tętniczego jest nadmierne spożycie sodu, którego głównym źródłem w diecie jest sól kuchenna (chlorek sodu). Jest ona stosowana w przetwórstwie żywności ze względów technologicznych i smakowych, a także w gospodarstwie domowym. Z powodu nadużywania soli i związanego z tym ryzyka wystąpienia chorób cywilizacyjnych, międzynarodowe organizacje i krajowe instytucje zajmujące się ochroną oraz promocją zdrowia publicznego zalecają ograniczenie spożycia chlorku sodu do 5 g dziennie. Najwięcej soli konsumuje się na Węgrzech, w Polsce jej spożycie przekracza normy prawie trzykrotnie, natomiast najmniej - we Francji, Holandii oraz Finlandii. Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia (WHO) ocenia, że obniżenie dziennego pobrania sodu o 50 mmol (2,9 g chlorku sodu) może zmniejszyć liczbę zgonów z powodu udaru mózgu o 22%, a z powodu niedokrwiennej choroby serca - o 16%.
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