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Aphis spiraecola is a recently found pest on apple in Bulgaria, where it develops in the absence of secondary hosts. The aphid has displaced the native species Aphis pomi DeGeer in some regions of the country. Its development, from newborn nymph to adult female takes, in laboratory conditions, 9-10 days at 22-24°C or 6-7 days at 28-30°C. The average fecundity of one female at both temperatures is 9.5-10.5 nymphs. Under field conditions, in May and July of 2007 and 2008, the full development lasted 8.1-8.6 days of average, and the average fecundity of one female was 20.7-21.2 nymphs. About 67% of them became adults, but more than 20% of the females died without having progeny. Theoretically, the species could develop twenty and more generations per the vegetation period of apple.
In a 2006-2008 study, seven aphid species (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were detected on apple trees in South Bulgaria: Rhopalosiphum insertum Walk. (apple-grass aphid), Dysaphis plantaginea Pass (rosy apple aphid), Dysaphis devecta Walker (rosy leaf-curling aphid), Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas (potato aphid), Aphis pomi De Geer (green apple aphid), Aphis spiraecola Patch. (spiraea aphid/green citrus aphid) and Eriosoma lanigerum Nausm. (wooly apple aphid). The dominant species were D. plantaginea, found in 97.8% of the surveyed orchards. Two green aphid species from the genus Aphis were both found in 96.4% of the orchards. The rosy apple aphid was a more important pest of bearing orchards, where infestation in spring always exceeded the economic injury level (1-2% of infested shoots). The green aphids were more important in young orchards and nurseries, where they developed during the entire vegetation period and infestation sometimes exceed 50-80% of shoots. A. pomi was still more widespread, but A. spiraecola was found throughout all of South Bulgaria. As pests of apple, the other species were less common, causing lower infestations and minor economic importance.
Observations were carried out in apple orchards and nurseries of the Plovdiv region (Central-South Bulgaria), aimed at determining specific composition, population density and economic importance of particular species of aphids, in the years 2004-2006. By surveys, carried out at 15-day intervals, the appearing species were identified and the degree of damage determined. Six species of aphids were found: Aphis spiraecola Patch., A. pomi Deg., Dysaphis plantaginea Pass., D. devecta Wlk. Rhopalosiphum insertum Wlk. and Eriosoma lanigerum Hsm. A. spiraecola, a poliphagous pest, was probably brought with the plant material from Greece and was identified in Bulgaria for the first time. It is similar to A. pomi and may be distinguished only by the microscopic investigation. Aphis spiraecola replaced almost completely A. pomi in the region studied. Its population was particularly high in nurseries. In the bearing orchards D. plantaginea was the most important aphid. Some tendency to an increase of population and damage caused by D. devecta was also noted. The other species had not any economic importance. E. lanigerum was present only in the orchards where no chemical control was applied.
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