We present the effects of cytoplasm substitution on five productivity traits in an alloplasmic barley collection. 60 lines combining 5 nuclear genomes of cultivated barley varieties and 12 plasmons of two barley species (H. vulgare, H. spontaneum) displayed various effects depending on definite nuclei-cytoplasm combinations. Only four cytoplasmic genomes (W1, W4, W5, W10) significantly modified the expression of the nuclear genes controlling productivity. RAPD-PCR analysis revealed that both the mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA of the W1, W5, and W10 lines have common molecular characters distinguishing them from the cytoplasmic genomes of the other lines. The cytoplasmic genetic factors influencing the expression of "productivity" genes remain elusive.
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