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A taxonomic review of Limoniinae (Diptera, Limoniidae) known from Eocene Baltic amber with particular references to the following genera is presented: Dicranoptycha Osten Sacken, 1860, Limonia Meigen, 1803, Lipsothrix Loew, 1873, Rhipidia Meigen, 1818, Thaumastoptera Mik, 1866, Toxorhina Loew, 1850, Trentepohlia Bigot, 1854. A new genus, Antohelia gen. nov., and two new species, Antohelia stanislawi sp. nov., Trentepohlia (Trentepohlia) bajdai sp. nov. are described. The phylogenetic relationships of the Limoniinae known from Eocene Baltic are discussed based on the results of a newly performed cladistic analysis. The illustrated key for the genera of subfamily Limoniinae recorded from the Baltic amber inclusions is provided.
A new species of the genus Cheilotrichia Rossi, 1848 (Diptera: Limoniidae) from Bitterfeld amber is described. Bitterfeld amber (Saxonian amber) is contemporaneous with the Baltic amber deposited in Gdańsk Amber Bay area. The representatives of the same species are often found among inclusions of Bitterfeld and Baltic amber but the species described herein Cheiliotrichia (Empeda) weitschati sp. nov. have been found only in Bitterfeld amber.
Due to the widespread prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) it has been included in the group of microorganisms causing severe human and animal infections. These bacteria occur in cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, dogs, cats, rabbits and poultry. The main diseases that are caused by S. aureus are dermatosis, mastitis, arthritis and urinary tract infections. People may develop more serious complications; e.g. pneumonia, endocarditis, bacteraemia. Moreover, these microorganisms are frequently connected with postoperative wound infections. The first MRSA strains emerged in the early 1960s after the acquisition of the methicillin resistance gene mecA, which is carried by the staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec). The mecA gene encodes for a penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a) which has a low affinity to β-lactam antibiotics. Epidemiological data suggests that MRSA isolates from various animal species are genetically very similar or even indistinguishable from human isolates. The transfer of MRSA strains can occur between animals and humans as well as vice versa. The antibiotics that are effective for the treatment of infections caused by MRSA are still glycopeptides: vancomycin and teicoplanin, mupirocin and linezolid. However, there are already strains resistant to all known antibiotic groups. MRSA may be a source of antibiotic resistance genes and contribute to the spread of drug-resistance genetic elements to other disease-causing microorganisms.
The prevalence of potentially pathogenic Campylobacter sp., L. monocytogens, and VTEC strains through the detection of their virulence markers was estimated by the PCR method. The presence of eleven genes was detected in C. jejuni and C. coli strains. The majority of the isolates showed the cadF, cdtA, cdtB, cdtC,flhA, ciaB, docA, flaA, and iam genes, whereas wlaN was amplified in one isolate and virB11 gene was not found among the tested Campylobacter strains. Two stx2 Shiga toxin genes - stx2e and stx2d gene subtypes were observed among the VTEC strains examined. Multiplex PCR was performed to discriminate four major L. monocytogenes serovars. The majority (five of seven strains) of the Listeria isolates were identified as the 1/2a serovar, followed by l/2c (two strains). These data suggest that the bacteria recovered from bovine carcasses are potentially pathogenic for humans and may have important public health implications.
A new species of the genus Dicranomyia Stephens, 1829 (Diptera: Limoniidae) from Baltic amber (Eocene) is described. The characteristic feature distinguishing a new species, D. gorskii sp. nov. is the presence of the surprisingly strong and elongate spine on rostral prolongation of ventral gonostylus. The morphological features of the new species are briefly discussed. New replacement name Dicranomyia alexandri nom. nov. for Dicranomyia nagellata (Alexander, 1931) is proposed to avoid with Dicranomyia nagellata Edwards, 1928.
A new recent species Pilaria sarawakiensis n. sp. (Diptera, Limoniidae, Limnophilinae) from the Oriental region (Borneo, Malaysia) is described and compared to the congeners.
Campylobacters are the most common bacterial cause of food-borne gastrointestinal infections in humans in developed countries. Macrolides and fluoroquinolones (FQ) are regarded as drugs of choice for the treatment of campylobacteriosis. Moreover, fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin have been used for the first-line treatment of bacterial gastroenteritis in the absence of confirmed microbiological diagnosis. The fluoroquinolone resistance is mainly caused by a single step point mutation in the gyrase gyrA gene. The major mechanism conferring the resistance to macrolides consists of an alternation of the target site in domain V of the 23S ribosomal RNA gene. During 2004-2008 European Union Member States provided much information to EFSA on the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter isolated from animals and food. Different resistance levels to antimicrobials was found among the isolates tested. For some antimicrobials, large differences in the occurrence of resistance were observed between the Member States. Some of them reported a high percentage of Campylobacter isolates recovered from poultry, pigs and cattle, as well as from meat resistant to fluoroquinolones. This suggests that due to the use of antimicrobial agents, particularly FQ, in food-producing animals, Campylobacter spp. developed resistance. Resistant strains could be transferred from animals to man by the food chain and constitute a hazard for public health; not all data, however, support this view. Some authors suggest that although some antibiotics are used in both animals and humans, most of the resistance problems in humans have arisen from human medicine. At any rate, a rational and prudent use of antibiotics in both areas is strongly recommended.
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