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The 15 - cm layer of bottom sediments of the Lake Bukowo was examined. Organic sediments make up to 32% of the Lake Bukowo bottom surface, the mixed sediments - 52% and the sandy ones - 16%. Bottom sediments of this lake displayed a high content of organic matter ca. 28%, nitrogen ca. l. 2%, silica 65% and phosphorus 0.9%. Nitrogen and phosphorus were deposit into sediments in the main form of organic compounds. These sediments were characterized by low content of metals (average: Ca 1%, Mg 0.8 %, Fe 1.3% and Al 1.1%). The pollution of Lake Bukowo increased comparison to 1987.
The soils studied are situated in the northern part of Gardno-Łebsko Lowland, which is part of the Słupsk Plain. For laboratory research two parcels were chosen, with the area of 0.5 ha, situated in protected district of Smołdzinski Las. The research of the selected parcels shows great differences in the construction of soil and flora profiles. What they have in common is the high level of groundwater, which is influenced by slight changes during the vegetation season. The investigated soils have the acid reaction in all parts of their profile. The lowest values observed in levels of moulder differed from 3.56 to 3.74 pHH20.
The paper presents results of research into organic horizons and litterfall in two different forest ecosystems: Vaccinio uliginosi-Betuletum pubescentis and Empetro nigri-Pinetum in 2003-2005. On the basis of the amount and abundance of litterfall and abundance of organic horizons in the nitrogen and phosphorus compounds retention time and biological circulation coefficient of these elements in researched forest ecosystems was calculated. The nitrogen and phosphorus in organic horizons of Vaccinio uliginosi-Betuletum pubescentis have the shortest retention time (44 and 57 years respectively). The retention time of nitrogen and phosphorus in Empetro nigri-Pinetum are similar and counted about 62 years. The coefficient values of biological circulation show the strong inhibition of circulation of these elements, what caused reservation of matter in organic horizons and acidity of soil.
The study on properties of proper podzol soils was carried out in two different forest ecosystems: Vaccinio uliginosi-Betuletum pubescentis and Empetro nigri-Pinetum in the Slovinski National Park (17o15΄E, 54o44΄N). Analysed soils are acid and strongly acid, with soil pH decreasing with the depth of the genetic soil horizon. Average soil moisture content is significantly related with contents of organic matter and volumetric density. This is confirmed by means and high values of Spearman’s correlation coefficient, amounting to R=0.72 (p<0.05, n=50) in the genetic profile of Vaccinio uliginosi-Betuletum pubescentis and R=0.83 (p<0.05, n=50) in the Empetro nigri-Pinetum oraz -0.42 (p<0.05, n=50, Vaccinio uliginosi-Betuletum pubescentis) and -0.73 (p<0.05, n=50, Empetro nigri-Pinetum). Maximum contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon were observed in mineral peat soil of Vaccinio uliginosi-Betuletum pubescentis and in upper organic levels of the analysed soil profiles. This is a very important source of biogenic elements, especially for stands, providing a better supply of biogens for forest plants.
Every year forest soils are enriched with nitrogen and phosphorus compounds due to the fall of leaves and litter of conifer needles, mineralization of ground cover and decaying tree roots, as well as precipitation. The process has been examined in two forest ecosystems: a mixed forest (plot I) and a young wood (plot II). The overall fall of duff collected in the young wood of the Słowinski National Park (plot II) has been 3.014 t/ha·year, which constitutes 69.35% of the fall collected in the mixed forest (plot I) on this territory (4.346 t/ha·year). The maximum intensity of duff fall occurred in autumn months and constituted 62.36% and 64.20% of annual fall respectively. Totally, 46.96 kg/ha·year of N and P were supplied to the soil of the plot I and 22.04 kg/ha·year in the case of the plot II. The precipitation enriched the soils of the mixed forest by 33.66 kg/ha·year of nitrogen and 1.19 kg/ha·year of phosphorus, the soils of the young wood – by 23.06 kg/ha·year of nitrogen and 0.92 kg/ha·year of phosphorus.
The surface microlayer is a thin layer found at the contact zone of two environments forming an ecotone at the atmosphere–hydrosphere interface. It is the boundary layer of extreme importance for both environments. In the years 2000–2004 surface water microlayer of an eutrophic, deep lake (577 ha, max. depth 32.2 m, Lake Jasień in Northern Poland) was analyzed (in four seasons each year) in terms of their capacity to accumulate lead, cadmium and manganese. The following surface water layers were collected using the different devices (plate method, net method) and compared: a microlayer of approx. 100 μm in thickness (SM), a microlayer of approx. 240 μm in thickness (PM) and subsurface water (about 20 cm below surface) (SSW). The highest concentrations of analyzed metals were observed in the microlayer of 100 μm, characterized by enrichment factor (EF-ratio of surface to subsurface values) of 2.61 for cadmium, 2.55 for manganese and 1.57 for lead, respectively. Enrichment factors for these metals are much higher than in respective microlayers of brackish lake situated close and studied before. Seasonal changes in concentrations of analyzed elements were correlated with changes in their concentrations in subsurface water. Statistical analysis of results showed that during a year variation in Cd and Mn accumulation in analyzed layers was significant. In contrast, variation in Pb accumulation was statistically non-significant. It means that in the surface microlayer of lake water a seasonal cycle is observed for changes in heavy metal concentrations and this variability in concentrations of analyzed substances is not accidental, but definitely periodical in character. The accumulation of analyzed heavy metals in the surface microlayers of the studied deep eutrophic lake seems to be a regular phenomenon.
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