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To estimate protective potential of citicoline in a model of birth asphyxia, the drug was given to 7-day old rats subjected to permanent unilateral carotid artery occlusion and exposed for 65 min to a hypoxic gas mixture. Daily citicoline doses of 100 or 300 mg/kg, or vehicle, were injected intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days beginning immediately after the end of the ischemic-hypoxic insult, and brain damage was assessed by gross zorphology score and weight deficit two weeks after the insult. Caspase-3, α-fodrin, Bcl-2, and Hsp70 levels were assessed at 0, 1, and 24 h after the end of the hypoxic insult in another group of rat pups subjected to the same insult and given a single dose of 300 mg/kg of citicoline or the vehicle. Citicoline markedly reduced caspase-3 activation and Hsp70 expression 24 h after the insult, and dose-dependently attenuated brain damage. In the context of the well-known excellent safety profile of citicoline, these data suggest that clinical evaluation of the efficacy of the drug in human birth asphyxia may be warranted.
INTRODUCTION: Majority of our knowledge about human visual system comes from cat or monkey studies. Feline models of visual diseases, such Macular Degeneration and congenital cataract accurately recreate many aspects of human impariments allowing for comparative study of neuropathology and the testing of the novel therapeutics. Advances in human visual system research frequently remain to depend upon animal modeling. However, filling the gap between body of knowledge about human and animal anatomy requires developing of imaging methods, providing more accurate comparisons. AIM(S): Here we describe in vivo visualization of the feline visual system that were previously only visible post mortem. METHOD(S): T2-weighted (TR=3500 ms, TE=30 ms) turbo spin echo (TurboRARE-T2) images were acquired using 7 Tesla Bruker BioSpec 70/30 USR (Ettlingen, Germany). Anatomic structures were identified based on feline histology. We applied in situ hybridization to measure the expression of the activity reporter gene zif268 as a function of the visual activation in the visual system of the cat. As a control histology staining was performed. RESULTS: T2-weighted, high resolution MR images of feline visual system are provided in sagittal and dorsal planes. Comparison with traditional high resolution imaging methods (in situ hybridization and Nissl staining) is shown. CONCLUSIONS: Presented data establish normal appearance of detailed anatomical structures of the feline brain. As feline models reproduces anatomy of human visual system most faithfully, this data provide reference when evaluating neurologic disease or testing efficacy of novel therapeutics in animal models. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: National Science Center, Poland, grant 2015/19/B/NZ4/03045.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients show a wide and variable spectrum of cognitive deficits involving multiple domains like memory and visuo-spatial learning. Thus, there is strong evidence that striatal and cortical dopamine cannot be the only major factors in the cognitive profile presented by PD. The initiating neurobiological bases for such disturbances are still uncertain but current hypothesis suggest possible role of diminished projection into hippocampus (Hpc). The present study was designed to determine the impact of MPTP-induced nigrostriatal neurodegeneration on the biochemical profile and glial cell reaction in the Hpc in mice. METHODS: One year old male C57Bl/10Tar mice were injected ip with MPTP (40 mg/kg) or equivalent vehicle volume. One week later brains of the control and MPTP-injected mice (n=10/ group) were scanned with Bruker BioSpec 70/30 Avance III system equipped with 7T magnet. Metabolite concentrations were estimated by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 HNMR) with LC model and expressed as ratios to total creatine concentration. In addition, contents of DA, NE, 5-HT, Glu, Glx and corresponding metabolites were estimated by HPLC with electrochemical detection. The astrocytic and microglia reactions was assessed by western blot analysis of GFAP and Iba1 proteins expression. RESULTS: Compared to controls, MPTP mice displayed significantly lower glutamate (Glu) and combined glutamate+glutamine (Glx) resonance signals and slightly lower glycerophosphocholine+ phosphocholine (GPC+PCh) signals in the right Hpc. However, no significant differences were observed in the left Hpc. Western blot analysis showed altered astroglial protein expression in the right Hpc. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced Glu and GPC+PCh in the right Hpc and altered astroglial protein expression may signify deficits in neuronal metabolism and/or firing rate and possible astroglia shrinkage toward the right hippocampus.
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