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Identifying microbial yield and the pathway relating to nitrous oxide (N₂O) production in nitrification were essential prerequisites for modeling N₂O production and emissions. A thermodynamic method based on standard Gibbs free energy change of bio-chemical reaction was used to evaluate the NH₃-NO, NH₃-NO₂⁻ , NH₄⁺-NO, NH₄⁺-NO₂⁻ , NH₂OH-NO, and NH₂OH-NO₂⁻ reactions. Meanwhile, the stoichiometric equations of the relevant reactions were built up to ascertain the microbial yield of the microorganisms responsible for N₂O production. The results indicated that: 1) all the above reactions had the possibility of producing N₂O in nitrification as the standard Gibbs free energy changes of all the reactions were negative, 2) all the possible reactions can be used as the pathways to describe N₂O production in nitrification in mathematical models, and 3) theoretically, the yield coefficient of autotrophs relating to N₂O production was in the range of 0.097~0.194 g cell/ g N. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were responsible for the production of N₂O in nitrification. In order to develop a unified model for better simulation of N₂O production and emissions in the biological wastewater treatment process, intensive studies should be carried out to reveal undiscovered pathways relating to N₂O production.
This study investigated the effects of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on the ascorbate and glutathione metabolism in wheat seedlings leaves under water stress. The results showed that pretreatment with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), hydrogen sulfide donor, increased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, and the contents of reduced ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione, total ascorbate and total glutathione under water stress, compared to control and water stress without NaHS. Meanwhile, pretreatment with NaHS decreased the malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage induced by water stress in plants, compared to control and water stress without NaHS. Our results suggested that exogenous hydrogen sulfide alleviated oxidative damage by regulating the ascorbate and glutathione metabolism in wheat seedlings under water stress.
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