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New osteostracans (Agnatha, Osteostraci) Zenaspis dzieduszyckii sp. nov. and Wladysagitta janvieri gen. et sp. nov., as well as new form of Diademaspis are described from the Lower Devonian of Podolia (Ukraine). Among them Zenaspis dzieduszyckiisp. nov. differs from all other representatives of the genus by its smaller overall size and relatively larger orbits. Wladysagitta janvieri is remarkable by having a rostral process. This new species together with “Cephalaspis” acutirostris Stensiö, 1932 from Old Red deposits of Shropshire (Great Britain) are proposed to be united under common generic name Wladysagitta. Since Diademaspis sp. is completely unknown in outline of its shield, it could not be named as new species, although it should be a really new form. New diagnostic features, such as relative width of the orbits, relative width of the dorsal field, and the position of the posterior end of the lateral fields relatively to the margins of the headshield, are proposed to differentiate genera within the Zenaspididae. Probably, the rostral process of osteostracans should be considered as a multifunctional device having at least a sensory function for food−search, possibly hydrodynamic functions, or may play a role in scaring predators.
Investigation of fish fauna assemblages obtained by dissolution of calcareous rock samples from Early Devonian marine deposits of Podolia revealed new material of ischnacanthiform jaw bones. One family Podoliacanthidae fam. nov. and two new genera and species, Drygantacanthus semirotunda gen. et sp. nov. and Kasperacanthus serratus gen. et sp. nov., are established. The new family is based on one main key feature, the presence of denticle groups of Podoliacanthus type situated on the lingual tooth row. The family comprises three genera, Podoliacanthus, Drygantacanthus gen. nov., and Kasperacanthus gen. nov., as well as one new form undetermined to generic level. Another new form described in open nomenclature displays the remains of the most powerful known jaws among Podolian ischnacanthids known to now. The new forms have diverse main teeth morphology, which probably reflect differentiated hunting methods.
Ischnacanthiform acanthodian dentigerous jaw bones from the Lower Devonian (Late Lochkovian) of Podolia are described for the first time. One new genus and one new species are established. Podoliacanthus gen. nov. is diagnosed as having small−sized jaw bones, the presence of specific accessory cusps/denticles on the medial side of teeth of the lateral tooth row, and groups of denticles forming the lingual tooth row. Podoliacanthus zychisp. nov. is distinguished in having elongated slender jaw bones and lateral teeth with one medial side denticle. Besides, three species are described in open nomenclature: Podoliacanthus sp. 1, while similar to Podoliacanthus zychi sp. nov., differs in having stronger posterior inclination of the teeth tips and presence of well developed flanges of the teeth, P. sp. 2 has quite robust jaw bones and teeth with two medial side denticles, and Podoliacanthus sp. 3 has small narrow jaw bones and teeth with three medial side denticles. Morphology of the lingual tooth row is considered to be a diagnostic feature of generic and higher taxonomic levels, while accessory medial cusps/denticles of the teeth are regarded as diagnostic features at species level. The new genus also occurs in Upper Silurian or Lower Devonian deposits of North Greenland. Preservation of the jaw bones possibly depends on their secondary mineralization.
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