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The data concerning endosperm type in Chondrilla juncea L. from Europe, Asia and Australia have been the subject of controversy. This study investigated the problem embryologically in an individual plant growing on an experimental field. Two endosperm types, nuclear and cellular, were observed to be present in inflorescences of the same plant. Both types of endosperm were formed after open pollination as well as after emasculation; however, cellular endosperm predominated slightly after open pollination. The development of endosperm preceded embryo development independently of endosperm type. Intraspecific variability of endosperm type in the investigated plant seems to be genetically conditioned, and it may be modified by external conditions.
Preliminary observations of plants collected at a natural locality in Jany (Zielona Góra district, Poland) suggested that in some plants dyads occurred mixed with more or less regular tetrads, monads, triads and polyads. Similar results were obtained in plants growing on an unpolluted site at an experimental field in Modlnica near Cracow and in a highly polluted area close to a postfloatation reservoir at the Żelazny Most copper mine near Rudna (Silesia). However, in the plants growing in contaminated soil a higher degree of degeneration processes was observed. Either dyads or tetrads prevailed in the capitula in the analyzed plants. In some of their loculi, dyads and tetrads were mixed with monads, dyads, triads and/or polyads. Microcytes and pollen grains of different sizes were common. The sterility of mature pollen grain was slightly higher in a plant from Żelazny Most (80-85%) than in its derivative from Modlnica (65-75%). Degeneration of whole anthers in the plant from the polluted locality was frequent. In some anthers the destruction of meiocytes started early, together with precocious abortion of the anther tapetum.
Observations were made of 200 embryos prepared from ripe achenes of Chondrilla juncea collected after open pollination. The majority of seeds (60%) contained a single embryo with two regularly formed cotyledons. Embryos with three more or less equal cotyledons were observed in 5% of the seeds, and twins were found in 6%. Some (20%) contained embryos with split cotyledons and a regularly developed radicle, and others had both the cotyledons and radicle split. Embryo sacs (ESs) with delayed globular embryos surrounded by degenerating endosperm were dissected from 9% of the seeds whose color and size indicated that they should be fully developed.
The paper reports a comparative study of the female gametophyte and especially synergid structure in sexual and apomictic dandelions. We analyzed diploid sexually reproducing Taraxacum linearisquameum (2n = 2x = 16) and two triploids, T. alatum and T. udum (2n = 3x =24), with autonomous embryo and endosperm development. There were no observed differences in the organization of the mature megagametophyte between the examined species. Both meiotically reduced and diplosporous embryo sacs showed typical polarity of the egg apparatus cells, together with development of a filiform apparatus in the synergids, but immunocytochemical analyses indicated that microtubules form longitudinal brush-like bundles adjacent to the filiform apparatus in the synergids of the sexual T. linearisquameum. This arrangement of cytoskeletal elements is similar to the configuration described in other amphimictic plants. The synergids of the apomictic T. alatum and T. udum show a uncharacteristic and relatively weak cytoskeleton with no brush-like bundles. We discuss the role of synergids in autonomous apomicts.
This study investigated patterns of cytoskeletal organization during microsporogenesis in Chondrilla juncea L., an autonomous apomict with a triploid chromosome number (2n = 15). The distribution of microtubules and organelles is not typical. The microtubules do not form a normal phragmoplast and consequently the organelle equatorial plate observed in many taxons is not present. The organelles are dispersed randomly in both the central and peripheral parts of the cytoplasm.
The present paper reports on our observations on embryological processes occurring in the ovules of triploids: Taraxacum belorussicum (sect. Palustria) and T. atricapillum (sect. Borea). The reproduction of these dandelions comprises meiotic diplospory, parthenogenesis and autonomous endosperm development. Mature seeds contain viable embryos that provide regular seedlings. At present the importance of cytological and embryological studies of apomicts is specially emphasized because Taraxacum is one of the model genus for investigations of apomixis. It forms a polyploid complex within which there is a close relationship between the mode of reproduction and the ploidy level: diploids reproduce sexually, whereas polyploids are apomicts. Apomixis is of a great interest in plant breeding because it allows clonal seed production but asexual seeds formation by apomixis is not found in any crop plants. Unfortunately, to date any attempts at introducing of apomixis into crop species have failed. It is worth mentioning that dandelions are valuable honey plants and numerous species of Taraxacum are also used in modern herbal medicine.
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