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The interaction of adrenergic agonists and/or antagonists with the adrenergic receptors expressed on immunologically active cells including macrophages plays an important role in regulation of inflammatory responses. Our study investigated the effects of carvedilol, a unique vasodilating b-adrenergic antagonist, and endogenous adrenergic agonists (adrenalin, noradrenalin, and dopamine) and/or antagonists (prazosin, atenolol) on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production from murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. The production of NO was determined as the concentration of nitrites in cell supernatants (Griess reaction) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression (Western blot analysis). Scavenging properties against NO were measured electrochemically. Carvedilol in a concentration range of 1, 5, 10 and 25 µM inhibited iNOS protein expression and decreased the nitrite concentration in cell supernatants. Adrenalin, noradrenalin or dopamine also inhibited the iNOS protein expression and the nitrite accumulation. Prazosine and atenolol prevented the effect of both carvedilol and adrenergic agonists on nitrite accumulation and iNOS expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells. These results, together with the absence of scavenging properties of carvedilol against NO, imply that both carvedilol and adrenergic agonists suppress the lipopolysaccharide-evoked NO production by macrophages through the activation and modulation of signaling pathways connected with adrenergic receptors.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of oxidative stress (OS) reduction by using pyridoindole (PI) antioxidants in adjuvant arthritis (AA). The substances tested were stobadine dipalmitate (STB) and SMe1. AA was used as animal model. The experiments included healthy animals, control arthritic animals and arthritic animals with administration of PI in the oral daily dose of 15 mg/kg b.m during 28 experimental days. The rats were sacrificed on day 28. Clinical and biochemical parameters were determined. The effect of PI administration was evaluated on the basis of the following parameters: (a) arthritis (volume of hind paws - HPW, change of animal body mass - CBM), (b) OS (chemiluminescence of whole blood - CWB, levels of thiobarbituric acid reacting substance - TBARS and of HNE- and MDA-protein adducts in plasma and activity of γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) in hind paw joint homogenates). The PI studied significantly increased the CBM of animals and corrected the HPW. STB also significantly decreased the activity of GGT in joint homogenates. SMe1 was more effective in decreasing plasmatic TBARS levels, but STB was more effective in reducing plasmatic HNE- and MDA-protein adducts. The assay for HNE- and MDA-adducts in plasma as a function of time was applied for the first time in AA. STB markedly decreased spontaneous and PMA-stimulated CWB and reduced neutrophil count. In summary, STB was more effective than SMe1 in reducing OS in AA. Our results showed that the reduction of OS in arthritis also corrected the clinical manifestations of the disease.
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