The aim of the paper is to investigate the models of forest use as a common-pool resource, with users driven by three different motivations: egoistic one, inequality-aversion and forest-sensitivity. The stationary states of the forest were found analytically for pure strategies and numerically for mixed communities. It was shown that the communities of forest-sensitive and inequality-averse individuals are to some degree stable against intruding breaking rules players. However, this stability breaks down for a certain percent of breaking rules individuals, and the stationary state of the forest may change with this percent quite abruptly.
The article presents, in a simplified manner, selected theories of population to explain the current trends of population development in Poland and throughout the world. The aim of the article is to present the demographic threats that have emerged in the last eighty years. Prognosticated age structures have also been predicted. Significant differences between the structure of the population now and the future have been indicated, particularly regarding the ageing of the population. Against the background of global transformations analyzes of changes in Poland have been conducted. The comparison shows that changes in Poland are highly analogous to transformations around the world, such as declining birth rates and increasing life expectancy. These changes cause ageing of the population, which could result in the collapse of the functioning of the labor market and the pension system as it currently exists.
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