Background. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of ‘Zonouz’ and ‘Gala’ apples phenolic compounds were accomplished by HPLC. Material and methods. Samples for phenolics study were taken at three different growing stages [1 - fruit early growing stage, 2 - mid-stage of fruit development (80 days after full bloom), 3 - during commercial harvest time], Results. The results showed qualitative differences between two apple cultivars regarding phenolic compounds. The highest amounts of total phenols, flavonoids, flavonols and phenolic acids content in both cultivars were recorded during the fruit early growing stage. The high phenolic acids content was due to increasing in chlorogenic acid content in fruits during early growing stage. The highest amount for flavanol content was recorded in ‘Zonouz’ peel at the harvest time. Descending pattem was recorded for phloridzin dihydrate content during the season. ‘Gala’ peel had the greatest amounts for cyanidin-3-galactoside at harvest time. Increasing in total flavonoid content was due to the great amounts of cyanidine-3-galactoside and epicatechin (in ‘Gala’ peelj, rutin hydrate (in ‘Zonouz’ pulp) at fruit early growing stage, catechin (in ‘Zonouz’ peel) during mid-stage of fruit development and cyanidin-3-galactoside and quercetin-3-D-galactoside (in ‘Gala’ peel) at the harvest time in both apple cultivars. Conclusions. There were meaningful quantitative differences between two cultivars, and ‘Gala’ was richer in phenolics than ‘Zonouz’.
Foliar application of micronutrients (both in common and nano-forms) to meet the nutritional demands of plants and even to overcome the stressful environments has gained great attention of agricultural systems. In our experiments, we tried to use the foliar nano-zinc and common zinc sources under salinity conditions and study their effects on some morpho-physiological traits of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) as factorial experiment based on RCBD design. ANOVA results revealed the interaction effects of salinity and zinc foliar application on elemental content (K+, Na+ and Zn2+), as well as essential oil yield of the plants. Carotenoids were influenced by the salinity levels. Soluble sugars content, flavonoids, H2O2 and MDA contents were influenced by individual levels of salinity and zinc foliar applications. Eventually, nano-zinc foliar spray was able to overcome the mild salinity effects on the plant growth and physiological parameters and it could be administered to the production systems and pioneer plant producers.
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