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1
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Toxic micromycetes in grain raw material during its processing

100%
Lugauskas A., Raila A., Railiene M., Raudoniene V.
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
|
2006
|
tom 13
|
nr 1
In 2003–2005 micromycetes were isolated and identified from wheat, barley, rye, buckwheat grain brought into mills or from processing enterprises. Contamination of the produced flour with micromycete propagules (cfu g-1), changes in micromycete diversity and abundance in the course of flour storage, preparation and baking of bread, production of groats or other food products and fodder were determined. Most attention was given to widely distributed micromycetes, known producers of toxins: Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus candidus, A. clavatus, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. oryzae, A. (=Eurotium) repens, Fusarium culmorum, F. equiseti, F. graminearum, F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. poae, F. sporotrichioides, Penicillium brevicompactum, P. chrysogenum, P. cyclopium, P. daleae, P. expansum, P. funiculosum, P. roqueforti, P. urticae, P. verruculosum, P. viridicatum, Phoma exiqua, Rhizomucor pusillus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Trichothecium roseum. Abilities of these micromycetes to produce secondary toxic metabolites were determined as well as possible hazard caused to people consuming the contaminated products.
2
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Preventive measures reducing superficial mycobiotic contamination of grain

88%
Steponavicius D., Raila A., Steponaviciene A., Lugauskas A., Kemzuraite A.
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
|
2012
|
tom 19
|
nr 2
Search for the preventive measures reducing the accumulation of mycotoxin producers in food raw material was carried out. Active ventilation was used; the impact of the electro-chemically activated air (ozone) and electro-chemically activated water (anolyte) on the micromycetes prevailing in grain raw material for food (GRMF) was determined. The GRMF was dried by active ventilation using the ozone-air mixture. Ozone (concentration 1250 ppb) disinfects the surface of the raw material and creates conditions unfavourable for the increase of mycobiotic contamination in drying upper layers of the grain mound. Within 8 days the contamination of GRMF in a mound decreased by 50%, while in its lower layers – more than 3 times. Ventilation of the mound with the above-mentioned concentration of the ozone-air mixture has ceased the active functioning of Fusarium avenaceum, F. graminearum, F. poae, F. solani, F. tricinctum F. sporotrichioides micromycetes and has considerably retarded the development of Alternaria alternata and other fungi. Anolyte (0.05% of chlorine concentration) reduced the mycobiotic contamination of GRMF by almost 2.5 times. The optimal treatment duration is from 0.5 to 1 hour. The optimal technical parameters, allowing the use of these measures for the preparation of grain food safety technologies, were elaborated; they are designed for more efficient protection of human health against micromycetes and their toxic metabolites, which are abundantly produced and released into the environment.
3
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Factors determining accumulation of mycotoxin producers in cereal grain during harvesting

88%
Lugauskas A., Raila A., Zvicevicius E., Railiene M., Novosinskas H.
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
|
2007
|
tom 14
|
nr 1
During the meteorologically contrasting period of 2003-2005, the contamination of winter wheat, malt barley and fodder barley grain with micromycetes during grain harvesting and preparation for storage was investigated. Micromycetes of over 70 species ascribed to 16 genera were isolated and identifi ed, the density of their populations in grain was determined. Micromycetes with a population density of >50% were attributed to dominant species. Short biological characteristic, ecological peculiarities of the dominating micromycetes are provided; factors determining intensity of their development and abilities to synthesise and excrete toxic metabolites are indicated. The importance of grain drying for stabilisation of its contamination with micromycete propagules is highlighted. It is noted that in grain dried in shaft dryer using air at 90°C the number of cfu (colony forming units) was reduced from 2.2 to 8.2 times. When active ventilation is applied, conditions favourable for the development of micromycetes remain longest in the upper layers of the mound. The airfl ow passing through the layer of damp grain inhibits the development of micromycetes, but an increase of comparative air fl ow for more than 500 m3·(t·h)-1 did not reduce the abundance of micromycete cfu. After drying Alternaria alternata, Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum, Penicillum verrucosum dominated in wheat grain; Aspergillus fl avus, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Fusarium chlamydosporum, F. culmorum, F. tricinctum in malts barley grain; Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. tricinctum, Alternaria alternata in fodder barley grain. It has been determined that all micromycetes recorded on grain after drying are potential producers of toxic metabolites, i.e. are hazardous to human health.
4
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Different drying technologies and alternation of mycobiots in the raw material of Hyssopus officinalis L.

76%
Raila A., Lugauskas A., Kemzuraite A., Zvicevicius E., Ragazinskiene O., Railiene M.
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
|
2009
|
tom 16
|
nr 1
93-101
5
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Application of ozone for reduction of mycological infection in wheat grain

76%
Raila A., Lugauskas A., Steponavicius D., Railiene M., Stepanoviciene A., Zvicevicius E.
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
|
2006
|
tom 13
|
nr 2
In 2004-2005 means were sought to clean grain from microbiological contamination during transportation and storage. For this purpose, grains with a moisture content of 23.2% of the “Tauras” variety were selected and ventilated daily for 8 hours until grain wetness was reduced to 14.0%. The effect of ventilation duration and ozone impact was evaluated according to the changes in grain contamination with micromycetes propagules (cfu•g-1), and alternation of micromycetes species on the grain surface. At drying grains by active ventilation with an ozone – air mixture, at O3 concentration of 700 ppb, the drying period was reduced by about 20%, and mycological contamination depends on initial grain moisture content (w): when w=15.2%, contamination was reduced by up to 2.2 times, and when w=22.0% – up to 3 times. At the same time, the composition of micromycetes species on the grain surface changed significantly: in non-ventilated grain there were detected micromycetes of 26 species, and in ventilated grain – of 11 species. Efficient ozone impact was established only when the mound of wet (w > 18.0%) grains was exposed to ozone.
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