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This study was carried out to determine the effect of chilling on both cold-acclimated and non-acclimated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars (Gökçe and Canıtez 87). Chickpea seedlings grown in soil culture for 12 days were subjected to chilling temperatures (2 and 4°C for 12 days) after maintaining in cold-acclimation (10°C, 7 days) or non-acclimation (25°C, 7 days) periods. The lowest values of growth parameters were obtained with cold-acclimated plants, whereas non-acclimated plants exhibited the lowest water content values, especially at 2°C. There was no effect of cold-acclimation period on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. Plants subjected to chilling temperatures after cold-acclimation were more tolerant with respect to chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and Gökçe had better photosystem II (PSII) photochemical activity. In the chilling treatments, total chlorophyll (a + b) content reduced, especially at 2°C, while anthocyanin and flavonoid contents increased to a greater extent in Gökçe and carotenoid content of the cultivars did not change. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was higher for Canıtez 87, mostly at 2°C, while proline accumulation was greater for Gökçe. The cold-acclimation period led to a remarkable increase in antioxidant enzyme activities of both cultivars. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was much higher in Gökçe for both chilling temperatures and the ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity increased only in the cold-acclimated 4C treatments. Similarly, with APX activity, the glutathione reductase (GR) and peroxidase (POD) activities of cultivars were higher in cold-acclimated plants at both the chilling temperatures, mostly in Gökçe. The results of this study indicate that cold-acclimation increased the cultivars ability to withstand the chilling temperatures. The lower MDA content and higher antioxidant and photochemical activities in Gökçe indicated an enhanced chilling tolerance capacity of this cultivar to protect the plant from oxidative damage.
Global warming and climate change have become issues that recently have caused much concern in the world. Countries that perform their economic activities without thinking about future generations have had to focus on “sustainability” issues since local and global environmental issues have been experienced. In this context, global warming problems have become one of the most important environmental topics occupying the world agenda and are causing intensive scientific and political discussions. One of the causes of global warming is increasing greenhouse gases, CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, CFC, etc., in the atmosphere. Especially in developing countries, growing populations, industrial development, and increasing demand for energy have triggered greenhouse gas emissions. Yet we cannot ignore the contributions of developed countries to greenhouse gas emissions. In fact, developed countries have brought the world’s attention to sustainability and environmental management systems after contributing negatively to world pollution. While all these discussions are going on, a new issue is the negative effect of greenhouse gas emissions caused by animal husbandry. In order to meet the global meat demand, intensive industrial and traditional husbandry is preferred worldwide. This situation causes increased greenhouse gas emissions and may cause significant problems to the environment and to sustainable agriculture. By considering the negative contribution of animal husbandry to global warming issues, countries may have to enact reforms in animal husbandry policies or pay the price for their contribution to greenhouse gas emissions in the future. The purpose of this study is to present policy options for Turkey, EU-12 countries, and Central European countries in regards to this topic. These analyses will shed light on animal husbandry practices and contribute to the knowledge level of political decision makers and the public.
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