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1

An analysis of muscle balance in professional field hockey players

100%
Kawalek K., Garsztka T.
Trends in Sport Sciences
|
2013
|
tom 20
|
nr 4
Introduction. The purpose of practicing sport is to improve one’s physical fitness and technical skills. Highly specialized training strengthens particular muscles, which due to repeated overuse may become hypertonic and shortened. This kind of disorder of soft tissues surrounding joints limits the articular range of motion and causes pain, which in effect reduces an athlete’s ability to compete. Aim of Study. The aim of this study was to evaluate the state of muscle balance in field hockey players. The research sample consisted of seventeen professional players from the Polish National Field Hockey Team from 2009. Material and Methods. The research methods included muscle length tests and a questionnaire survey on players’ pain symptoms and their knowledge about maintaining muscle balance. Results. Insignificant asymmetric muscle balance disorders were found in the upper limb region. The external rotators of the shoulder joint were the most overused muscles. Significant symmetric muscle length disorders were found in the lower limb region – the iliopsoas was shortened in 100% of cases, and rectus femoris in 63%. Conclusions. Several conclusions were drawn. The most significant one is that all field hockey players exhibit disturbances in muscle length and suffer pain. This research shows which muscles are highly overloaded and should be taken into consideration in developing programs of stretching exercises. To improve the efficiency of these exercises they should be supervised by an experienced physiotherapist.
2

A comparison of selected biomechanical parameters in speed-endurance athletes

100%
Kawalek K., Ogurkowska M. B.
Trends in Sport Sciences
|
2014
|
tom 21
|
nr 2
Introduction. Sports can be divided according to different disciplines or types of physical efforts involved. Long-term sport training leads to adaptive changes in the human body, which can result in spinal overload syndrome. The knowledge of the biomechanics of a given sport helps to protect athletes from this spinal disorder. Aim of Study. Using data from available literature an attempt was made to compare two different sports: field hockey and fencing in terms of their biomechanical properties. Results. The two sports share a number of similarities. Firstly, both may involve significant overloads of the lumbar spine because of the performance of uncoupled movements. Secondly, the knee joints in players of both sports may also be overloaded mainly because of numerous 90° flexions with rotations. Conclusions. Fencers and field hockey players are exposed to overloads of the spine and the knees. A special prophylactic and therapeutic program should be developed both for novice and elite athletes of both sports.
3
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Biomechanical characteristics of rowing

80%
Ogurkowska M., Kawalek K., Zygmanska M.
Trends in Sport Sciences
|
2015
|
tom 22
|
nr 2
Competitive rowing demands long-term, unilateral and nonphysiological training. This discipline requires not only technical preparation, but also strength and endurance training, which is largely conducive to the occurrence of micro-traumas that can cumulate and lead to a spectrum of overloading changes in the motor organs, particularly in the lumbar spine. The factor most conducive to the occurrence of pathological changes in the spine is the rowing cycle, both on water and on ergometer, wherein the athlete performs multiple repetitions of maximum flexion and extension in the sagittal plane of the lumbar spine. Of note is the fact that during a single, 90-minute training session the rower engages over 70% of his or her overall muscle mass, performing 1800 cycles of flexion and extension. These motions performed with oars as additional weights lead to the overloading of both the active and the passive spine stabilization system. Moreover, the system is impacted by compression forces in excess of 6000 N that can lead to destruction of the motor system. It is therefore necessary to understand the biomechanics of spine movements and to perform the biomechanical analysis of rowing, as well as use conclusions from the analysis in the training process in order to counteract overloading changes in the motor system, particularly the spine.
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