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Characterization of Aspergillus section Flavi from pistachio soils in Iran

100%
Houshyarfard M., Rouhani H., Falahati-Rastegar M., Malekzadeh-Shafaroudi S., Mehdikhani-Moghaddam E., Probst C.
Journal of Plant Protection Research
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2014
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tom 54
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nr 4
During 2012, soil samples from commercial pistachio orchards in three major production regions include Rafsanjan (Kerman Province, center of Iran), Damghan (Semnan Province, north-central Iran) and Feyz-Abad (Khorasan-e Razavi Province, northeastern Iran), were assayed on Dichloran Rose-Bengal Chloramphenicol agar (DRBC) and Aspergillus flavus-parasiticus agar media to quantify populations of Aspergillus species from the section Flavi. The mean propagule density of Aspergillus species from the Flavi section [log10 (CFU/g soil)] was higher in Feyz-Abad (3.06, 2.88–3.24), compared to Damghan (2.55, 2.44–2.65) and Rafsanjan (2.40, 2.26–2.54). A. flavus (69.7, 65.3 and 57.9%), A. parasiticus (19.6, 25.4, and 29.3%), and A. nomius (10.7, 9.3, and 12.8%) were the predominant species in the regions of Rafsanjan, Damghan, and Feyz-Abad, respectively. There were significant differences among sclerotia producing isolates of A. flavus in the sampling regions (p < 0.05). The percentage of sclerotium-producing isolates of A. flavus from Rafsanjan (14.5%) was much lower than Damghan (39.5%) and Feyz-Abad (41.4%). The A. flavus isolates from Damghan, Rafsanjan, and Feyz-Abad were toxigenic at 53.7%, 61.6%, and 60.4%, respectively. In Rafsanjan, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and AFB1 + AFB2 (aflatoxin B2) ranged from 274 to 553 ppb (393±17.11) and 394 to 3745 ppb, respectively, while AFB1, and AFB1 + AFB2 ranged from 257 to 392 ppb (285±13.18) and 415 to 1658 ppb, respectively, in Damghan. We found 16 and 20 vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) for 41 and 37 nit mutant producing isolates of A. flavus from Rafsanjan and Damghan, respectively. From Damghan the VCG diversity for A. flavus isolates was greater (54%) than from Rafsanjan (39%). Because there were a few number of sclerotium-producing isolates of A. flavus, we did not determine the relationships between sclerotium production with VCGs and/or geographical distribution in the three pistachio production regions. This study was the first to determine the strain and VCG diversity of A. flavus soil isolates from Iranian pistachio orchards.
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Studies on Aspergillus flavus Link. isolated from maize in Iran

100%
Houshyar-Fard M., Rouhani H., Falahati-Rastegar M., Mahdikhani-Moghaddam E., Malekzadeh-Shafaroudi S., Probst C.
Journal of Plant Protection Research
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2014
|
tom 54
|
nr 3
The Aspergillus flavus population structure from maize kernels was examined. During 2011, samples were collected from two main grain maize production areas in Iran (Fars and Ardebil provinces), shortly before harvest. One-hundred nine A. flavus isolates were recovered on Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicole (DRBC) agar and Aspergillus flavus/parasiticus medium (AFPA) and grouped into morphotypes and Vegetative Compatibility Groups (VCGs) based on morphological (e.g. sclerotia production), physiological (e.g. aflatoxin-producing ability) and genetic criteria (e.g. heterokaryosis). In general, morphotype and VCG composition were highly dissimilar in both provinces. In total, 43.8% and 44.3% of A. flavus isolates from Ardebil and Fars, respectively, produced sclerotia. Sclerotia producers were identified as A. flavus L and S strain morphotypes in Ardebil (66.7% and 33.3%, respectively) and Fars (29.6% and 70.4%, respectively). Furthermore, 71 isolates (65.1%) were able to produce aflatoxin (Ardebil 40.8%, Fars 59.2%). The aflatoxin values were categorized into four different classes (< 10, 10-100, 100-1,000 and > 1,000 ppb). In total, 51 aflatoxin producing isolates of A. flavus (Ardebil n = 22, Fars n = 29) were assigned into 26 VCGs by complementation of nit auxotrophs on nitrate medium. None of the A. flavus isolates from Ardebil complemented with any isolates from Fars. Genetic diversity of A. flavus isolates was 59.1% and 41.8% for Ardebil and Fars, respectively. The different geographical adaptation and genetic make-up of A. flavus isolates may be due to different climatic conditions, soil types and crop sequences in both maize production areas.
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