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Alien tree species, due to their longevity, manifest their invasive potential after several decades from introduction. For the high threat to biodiversity, there is a need to analyze the risk of introduction connected with numerous alien tree species introduced in the various forest ecosystems. We aimed to assess the productivity potential and effect of alien Carya ovata on understory vegetation. Our study was conducted in the oldest (122 years old) tree stand of C. ovata in Poland, located in the Czerniejewo Forest District (western Poland). We analyzed C. ovata tree stand features and vegetation traits within the forest community and compared with natural vegetation – oak−hornbeam forest. We found that C. ovata trees had lower dimensions and standing volume than oaks (Quercus robur and Q. petraea) growing in the neighborhood. We also did not find the impact of C. ovata stands on understory vegetation species composition and light availability. Because of the low impact on forest floor vegetation and lack of spread we concluded that C. ovata cannot be classified as an invasive species. Moreover, its introduction was not successful in terms of tree stand productivity.
In the last decades, we observed significant changes in the tree species composition in all layers of close−to−natural stands. Since the 1970s, the Forest Research Institute has collected and stored dataset from stand measurements, phytosociological and other research that are the basis for the long−term monitoring of vegetation. The aim of the research was to determine the directions of changes in the species composition and structure of tree stands, and to analyze the changes in the species composition of natural regeneration growing without human interference in various forest communities in the period of about 40 years. From 2014 to 2017, 40 permanent plots of 0.25 ha were re−measured in the nature reserves of the Knyszyn and Augustów Forests (NE Poland). The diameter of all trees was measured and the trees of the natural regeneration and bushes up to 1.3 m high were counted. The stand similarity index (S) between successive measurements was calculated. The analysis of differences in the composition of tree stands in subsequent measurements was carried out using Student t and Kruskal−Wallis tests. In the species composition of fresh coniferous forest stands and fresh mixed coniferous forest, there were significant changes in the number and share of Scots pine and Norway spruce. In the Knyszyn Forest a significant decrease in the share of spruce was observed. However, an increase in the share of deciduous species was remarkable. An inhibition of the natural pine renewal process and increase in density of spruce regeneration was observed. It is necessary to emphasize the significant expansion of hornbeam in a fresh mixed deciduous forest in the Knyszyn Forest and expansion of hazel in the Augustów Forest. Mean basal area in the forest stands has increased. The similarity index between the beginning and the end of the research reached the value of 0.73−0.94. The species composition and density of natural regenerations created without human intervention are not satisfactory from the point of view of forest sustainability. The most important factor affecting the direction and rate of changes in the species composition of tree stands is the expansion of hornbeam and/or hazel. These species cause changes in the ecological conditions of the lowest forest layers, leading to the unification of the species composition of forest communities.
The study assesses the effect of applied cuttings on the transformation of the species composition, structure and development of the forest towards selection forest type. The described control unit was established in 2000 in the Krucze Mts. (southern Poland) within the programme of silver fir restoration in the Sudety Mts. The working hypothesis was based on the advantageous effect of the selection management system on fir trees. 46 permanent circular sample plots of 0.05 ha each were established and diameter at breast height measured on all trees along with height of 2−3 trees growing closest to the plot center. Measurements were repeated in 2004 and 2013. The greatest share in the growth increment was recorded for the most numerous species (spruce and fir). Only spruce and beech were important in the group of young trees (recruitment), which did not include fir or larch. The timber resources increased from 339 in 2000 to 381 m³/ha in 2013, which indicates that not whole current increment was harvested. The increase in the growing stock follows the reduction in the number of trees per hectare from 361 to 317. Thus the number of young trees did not compensate for the losses. As a result the investigated unit is not in the state of equilibrium and in the future more work and care should be devoted to the regeneration. Fir turned out to be a species with the greatest production potential. In the first period growing stock of this species amounted to 17%, while the increment was over 26%. In the latter the increment reached 34%. The most important objective of the selection cuttings in this concrete unit should be to tend for regeneration and trees at low diameter sub−classes at the expense of use of trees with target values of diameters at breast height and disturbing the selection cutting structure. It is advisable to increase the share of fir in the structure of analysed unit.
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