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The aim of the study was to determine the influence of administering compound feed containing various fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) on the health of turkeys infected with Hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) and with Salmonella Typhimurium (ST). Investigations were performed on 270 young male BUT-9 turkeys which were divided into three groups (I-III) consisting of 90 birds in each group. Group I received a compound feed without FOS, while group II and III received feed with a 2% addition of chicory fine flour and standard fructo-oligosaccharide from chicory, respectively. At the age of eight weeks 13 birds from every group were injected per os with HE virus at a dose of 104,6EID50/ml. After five days three birds from each group were slaughtered with the aim of defining their susceptibility to HEV and the 10 remaining turkeys were infected with ST: 1 ml of a bacterial suspension PBS with a concentration of 9×109 jtk/ml into the croup. The birds were clinically observed for 12 days. Blood samples were controlled from five birds from each group on days 5 and 12 following infection, after which three of the turkeys were slaughtered, anatomopathologically examined and cuttings of the liver and caecum were collected for bacteriological examination. The results of the study indicate that the turkeys which received feed containing FOS did not succumb to ST infection because, five days following infection, bacteria was isolated only from the caecum, whereas it was additionally isolated from the liver in the case of turkeys who had received feed not containing FOS. The biochemical results from the groups of turkeys fitting within physiological norms and receiving feed containing FOS proves that there was no general ST infection and that FOS do not negatively influence turkeys' organisms. Five days after infection there was an increase of LDH activity in the three groups of turkeys receiving feed without FOS. The results of the study do not unanimously prove that FOS slow down ST infections but they do encourage further research on the issue.
In Poland, Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus (HEV) was first isolated in 1987. Over nearly thirty years numerous studies concerning the pathology of HEV infection of turkeys were conducted at the Department of Poultry Diseases in Olsztyn. The results of these studies contributed to one postdoctoral dissertation, five doctoral dissertations and one master’s thesis, as well as numerous publications and papers presented at national and international conferences. Over time, through the use of state of art laboratory techniques, such as flow cytometry and molecular biology, it has been demonstrated that Polish isolates of HEV are low pathogenic, but they possess strong immunosuppressive activity; moreover, these viruses occur very frequently in turkey flocks and are involved in pathological conditions of turkeys in our country. It has been further demonstrated that even the HEV isolates which are low pathogenic cause a subclinical course of the disease which impairs both humoral and cell mediated immune mechanisms, leading to exacerbation of ongoing disease processes and decreased vaccine induced immunity development, which consequently cause large economic losses in the turkey industry.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of the PCR method for detecting and investigating the distribution of haemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) in turkeys after oral inoculation. For the experiment forty-one day old turkey poults (But 9) were used. The birds were divided into two groups (20 birds in each group). The turkeys from the first group were orally challenged with a Polish HEV isolate at a dose of 10⁴˒³ EID₅₀, while turkeys from the second group were the unchallenged control group. Subsequently, three birds from each group were euthanized after 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours of inoculation, and swabs were taken of spleen, kidneys, duodenum, cecal tonsils, bursa of Fabryci, heart, pancreas, thymus, brain, breast muscle, liver and gizzard during the autopsy. After conducting the PCR reaction with the starters HEV 1: 5’-TACTGCTGCTATTTGTTGTG-3’ and HEV2: 5’-TCATTAACTCCAGCAATTGG-3’ the final amplification product made of 1647 bp was received. The HEV was detected after 96 hours of inoculation in the duodenum, cecal tonsils, bursa of Fabryci, and in the spleen. 120 h after inoculation, the viral DNA not only was found in the same organs but also in the breast muscle and in the liver. The viral DNA was not detected after 24 and 72 h of the inoculation in the examined organs and after 96 and 120 h of inoculation in the kidneys, pancreas and in the gizzard. The results of the study show that PCR method enables an earlier detection of HEV in infected turkeys than the AGP test and confirms its usefulness for detecting infections caused by this virus.
Całość badań zrealizowano w dwóch częściach. W pierwszej części pracy - laboratoryjno-eksperymentalnej - scharakteryzowano w zakresie taksonomicznym, patogennym i właściwości immunogennych dwa pierwsze krajowe izolaty wirusa HE. Wykazano, że oba izolaty (HEV1 i HEV2) są identyczne, a pod względem morfologicznym oraz właściwości fizykochemicznych odpowiadają aviadenowirusom grupy II. Wirusy te w warunkach eksperymentalnych nie wywołują u indyków objawów klinicznych, choć powodują zmiany histopatologiczne w wielu narządach. W drugiej - terenowej fazie - prowadzono monitoring serologiczny stad oraz analizowano sytuację epizootyczną pod kątem wpływu zakażeń wirusem HE na zdrowotność indyków oraz efekty produkcyjne. Wykazano, że wirus HE jest szeroko rozpowszechniony, a powodując im­munosupresję wywołuje znaczne straty w chowie indyków.
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