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Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) was first recognized in China in 1984. In Europe, the disease appeared in 1986 in Italy, and in the following years RHD was observed in many other European countries, including Poland in 1988. The disease is caused by RHD virus (RHDV), classified as a representative of the Lagovirus genus within the Caliciviridae family. Lagoviruses include the non-pathogenic rabbit calicivirus (RCV) and the European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV). There are three basic variants (subtypes) of pathogenic RHD viruses: classic (RHDV) and antigenic subtypes RHDVa and RHDV2 (RHDVb), distinguished on the basis of epidemiological characteristics, infectious properties and antigenic and genetic modifications. Phylogenetic analysis of RHDV revealed the presence of five genogroups (G1-G5) with similar time of isolation, regardless of the place of occurrence. RHDVa strains are genetically more variable than RHDV, and all RHDVa strains belong to genogroup G6. RHDV2 was diagnosed for the first time in 2010 in domestic and wild rabbits in France, and later in the Iberian Peninsula, and it was called RHDVb. Like the previously identified variants of the RHD virus, RHDV2 spreads to other regions of the world, and in 2011-2016 it was diagnosed in many European countries, North America, Africa and Australia. Strains of RHD2 form a separate, uniform phylogenetic group and are more similar to the non-pathogenic rabbit calicivirus than to pathogenic RHDV and RHDVa. Infections with different variants of RHD viruses are a serious epidemiological, diagnostic and immunological problem. Advanced antigenic changes in RHD viruses limit the usefulness of standard RHD vaccines in controlling the disease.
RHD virus (RHDV), which causes rabbit hemorrhagic disease, is the object of phylogenetic studies. The results of these studies provide valuable information on this pathogen. The purpose of present review is to summarize current knowledge about the phylogenetic position of this virus. The paper discusses the results of previous phylogenetic studies of RHDV, including factors affecting the shape of the phylogeny of this species and the diversity of RHDV strains in different parts of the world. It also presents the results of phylogenetic analysis of RHDV enriched with non-pathogenic and low pathogenic strains of rabbit lagoviruses, as well as phylogenetic analyses performed using modern Bayesian methods. The paper also highlights the unclear situation of Lagovirus taxonomy and shows selected data on the evolution of RHDV, gathered using phylogenetic methods. Finally, the possibility of using rabbit lagoviruses as a model for the study of the evolution of mammalian ssRNA(+) viruses has been shown.
The aim of the study was to monitor alterations in selected indices of innate immunity (the phagocytic index and percent of phagocytes) and acquired immunity (numbers of lymphocytes T and their Th and Tc/Ts subpopulations) in 60 rabbits experimentally infected with haemagglutinogenic Czech strain CAMP V-351 and non-haemagglutinating Polish BLA. The haemagglutinogenic Czech strain CAMP V-351 is active only in select indices of innate immunity, whereas non-haemagglutinating Polish strain BLA is reactive in the parameters of acquired immunity. Therefore, the obtained results permit the conclusion that the examined strains are not only serologically different but they also induce distinct patterns of immune responses, which provides evidence of immunotypes among this virus.
The research was aimed at determining the level of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies in the serum of slaughter rabbits. The research material consisted of 201 serum samples collected from slathered rabbits of 20 weeks of age and body weight from 4.5 to 5 kg. The rabbits originated from small farms (167 cross-breeds) and a battery farm (34 French Lops) located in south-eastern Poland. The animals from the battery farm had been vaccinated with “Cunivac”, whereas those bred on small farms had not been vaccinated at all. The sera collected from the animals were examined with the hemagglutination-inhibiting test for the presence of antibodies to rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD). The results obtained showed that only 5% of the animals reacted negatively, while the remaining 95% showed positive titres. In the group of vaccinated rabbits, no antibodies were found in three animals. Titres ranging from 100 to 800 were noted in 21 sera, while 9 animals reacted with titres of 1000 or more. Out of the 201 sera examined, 167 came from non-vaccinated rabbits originating from regions free of RHD. Positive titres of HI antibodies were not found in 7 samples. On the other hand, 80.2% of the animals were characterised by positive titres of 100 or more. In a similar research conducted in 1992 as much 68.4% of 215 sera tested were found negative for these antibodies. The results of the present research showed a very high percentage of sera with positive titres in non-vaccinated animals, which were free from the disease. This might suggest that non-pathogenic strains (RCV) related to the RHD virus exist also in Poland. It appears that such strains might have a similar effect as a vaccine, immunising the infected animals, which show no symptoms of the disease.
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