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Introduction. Occupational exposure to bio-aerosols has been linked to various health effects. This review presents an overview of bio-aerosol exposure levels in veterinary practices, and investigates the possibility of health effects associated with bio-aerosol exposure. Methods. A systematic literature search was carried out in PubMed. Publications were included if they provided information on bio-aerosol exposure and related health effects through veterinary practice and other professions with similar exposures, occupationally exposed to animals. Results. Few studies in veterinary settings showed that substantial bio-aerosol exposure levels (e.g. endotoxin and β(1→3)-glucan) were likely occur when handling farm animals and horses. Exposure levels are comparable to those levels observed in farming which have been associated with respiratory health effects. Animal specific allergen exposures have hardly been studied, but showed to be measurable in companion animal clinics and dairy barns. The findings of the few studies available among veterinary populations, particularly those working with farm animals and horses, are indicative of an elevated risk for developing respiratory symptoms. Studies among pig farmers, exposed to similar environments as veterinarians, strongly confirm that veterinary populations are at an increased risk of developing respiratory diseases in relation to bio-aerosol exposure, in particular endotoxin. Exposure to animal allergens during veterinary practice may cause allergic inflammation, characterized by IgE-mediated reactions to animal allergens. Nonetheless, the occurrence of sensitization or allergy against animal allergens is poorly described, apart from laboratory animal allergy, especially known from exposure to rats and mice. Conclusion. Veterinary populations are likely exposed to elevated levels of bio-aerosols such as endotoxins, β(1→3)-glucans, and some specific animal allergens. Exposures to these agents in animal farmers are associated with allergic and non-allergic respiratory effects, proposing similar health effects in veterinary populations.
Bartonella spp. bacteria are significant human pathogens and the agents of bacterial zoonosis acquired from an animal companion. The aim of the study was to determine the seroprevalence of two of the most common Bartonella species B. henselae and B. quintana in various human populations. The studied groups included: alcoholics, intravenous drug users, veterinarians, cats' owners. Blood samples were collected and cultured on chocolate agar plates and in mouse fibroblasts L-929 cell line culture. The levels of Bartonella henselae IgM and IgG antibodies were determined by indirect immunofluorescence assay. Specific B. henselae IgG were detected in 48.3% of homeless alcoholics, in 45.0% veterinarians and in 53.3% cats' owners. The differences in the prevalence of B. henselae antibodies between the studied groups and a control group were statistically supported. No homeless intravenous drug users had specific B. henselae and B. quintana antibodies. High titers of B. quintana IgG antibodies were detected in two homeless alcoholics. Bartonella spp. was cultured on chocolate blood agar plates from blood samples from 2 alcoholics. The isolates were identified as B. henselae by PCR amplification of the riboflavin synthase gene (ribC). The results prove that B. henselae and B. quintana, emerging human pathogens, are present and widely distributed in Poland in such specific risk groups as: alcoholics, veterinarians and cats' owners.
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