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Directions and the scope of changes in the species composition of individual layers in secondary pine communities belonging to the class Querco-Fagetea Br.-Bl. & Vlieg. 1937 (tree stand, shrubs and vascular plants of the herb layer) observed at two study plots over almost 40 years (from 1971 until 2009) are discussed. Both tree stands were planted and they are in the phase of spontaneous regeneration towards a potential natural community – the Carpathian beech forest Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum Oberd. 1953. Species with greater light requirements (pine Pinus sylvestris L., aspen Populus tremula L., oak Quercus robur L., ecologically alien to the potential plant community, retreat from the tree and shrub layers. The share of tree species typical of the potential community (beech Fagus sylvatica L., hornbeam Carpinus betulus L., sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus L.) – in the tree stands increases. The rate of changes is particularly high for beech, while regression symptoms are noticed for fir Abies alba Mill.: a decrease in the abundance and share of fir in both tree-stands was recorded. A decrease in the abundance and frequency of the majority of species, including species characteristic of deciduous forests (class Querco-Fagetea) and beech forests (order Fagetalia sylvaticae Pawł.1928), and an increase in species typical of alder-ash riparian forests (alliance Alno-Ulmion Br.-Bl. & Tx. 1943) and nitrophilous communities were observed in the herb layer. Conversion treatment may reinforce the artificial character of the community because the species composition, as well as the spatial and age structure of the tree stands, can be arbitrary and therefore artificially formed during conversion (arbitrary applied size and order of regeneration clumps and areas). When anthropogenic communities are left undisturbed, processes affecting all phytocoenotic layers are activated and spontaneous forest regeneration usually begins. Therefore, tree-stand conversion used as a tool to restore natural community is not effective.
Although crucial for guiding vegetation improvement efforts, soil seed bank (SSB) and extant vegetation (EV) in dry valleys remains poorly understood. A germination method and field surveys were applied to address this problem and investigate the characteristics of SSB and corresponding EV of eight sites across the dry Minjiang River valley in Southwest China. Furthermore, the relationships between SSB and EV were compared to provide guidance for vegetation enhancement. Eight sites were classified into two groups – central and transitional sites that differ according to moisture conditions. Seed density and species richness in SSB were lower in less moist central sites compared with those in more moist transitional sites of the valley as well as the coverage of the community. Moreover, species richness and litter thickness were lower in central sites. Comparing SSB strategies of species from eight sites, transient strategy was the most frequently observed category, followed by short-term persistent and long-term persistent strategies. In terms of both SSB and EV, the most abundant life forms were hemicryptophytes, intermediate phanerophytes, and therophytes, whereas less abundant were chamaephytes and cryptophytes. Low Sorenson’s similarity indices (22–32%) and significantly negative Kendall’s correlation in species composition indicate that species composition of SSB was not closely related to corresponding EV for each of the eight sites. Low seed density, especially the lack of viable dominant shrub seeds, dominant transient SSB strategy species, and low correspondence in species composition between SSB and EV imply that the potential for vegetation enhancement in the dry valley is weak, particularly in less moist central sites. To preserve the good EV of more moist transitional sites and introduce seeds of dominant species to improve poor EV in central sites, EV is likely to be a feasible standard for improving vegetation in dry valleys.
This study is part of a long term, multi-faceted research project on rates and directions of spontaneous vegetation dynamics after cessation of agricultural land use, and on the effects of anthropogenic modifications of this process by managed mowing or plowing. The results are based on data from a permanent plot established in Wielkopolski National Park in 1976. This article presents share spectra for certain groups of anthropophytes with after various experimental treatments from a spatial and temporal perspective. An attempt is also made to connect these spectra with successional and fluctuational changes.
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