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The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and opioid family member Leu⁵-enkephalin (LENK) have already been established as playing independently significant roles in the functioning of the female genital tract. However, the mutual influence of both neuropeptides on female genital function has not been examined until now. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the distribution of VIP- and/or LENK-immunoreactive (IR) structures throughout the female genital tract of the pig. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that the great majority of the immunopositive structures co-expressed both peptides. Nevertheless, a small population of exclusively VIP- or LENK-IR processes and perikarya were also distinguished. The muscular layer of the organs examined revealed the greatest density of VIP- and/or LENK-IR nerve fibers. The mucosa of the ampulla, isthmus, cervix and vagina was supplied with a moderate number of single labeled LENK-IR processes, while exclusively VIP-IR fibers were found mainly in vaginal mucosa. The infundibulum was found to be poorly supplied with single labeled VIP- or LENK-IR fibers. The paracervical ganglion (PCG), the expected source of VIP- and/or LENK-IR nerve fibers innervating the organs under investigation, has been found to contain double labeled LENK-/VIP-IR as well as single labeled VIP-IR perikarya. The great number of specific co-localization between VIP and LENK in nerve processes of the porcine female genital organs may indicate a functional regulatory interaction between the neuropeptides studied, requiring further study.
The aim of this study was to examine a morphological picture of guinea pig skin that had been injected with neuropeptides (NPS)2 - substance P (SP) and guinea pig vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) - to elucidate their local influence. Routine histological stainings were performed, together with immunohistochemical reactions for T cells and for macrophages. In the deeper layers of the skin, T cell and macrophagic infiltrations were observed. The intensity of these changes was greater 24 hours after injections than that observed at the third hour of the experiment.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible direct effects of GnRH, oxytocin (OT) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on the release of LH and PRL by dispersed porcine anterior pituitary cells. Pituitary glands were obtained from mature gilts, which were ovariektomized (OVX) one month before slaughter. Gilts randomly assigned to one of the four groups were treated: in Group 1 (n=8) with 1 ml/100 kg b.w. corn oil (placebo); in Group 2 (n=8) and Group 3 (n=8) with estradiol benzoate (EB) at the dose 2.5 mg/100 kg b.w., respectively, 30-36 h and 60-66 h before slaughter; and in Group 4 (n=9) with progesterone (P4) at the dose 120 mg/100 kg b.w. for five consecutive days before slaughter. In gilts of Group 2 and Group 3 treatments with EB have induced the negative and positive feedback in LH secretion, respectively. Isolated anterior pituitary cells (106/well) were cultured in McCoy's 5a medium with horse serum and fetal calf serum for 3 days at 37°C under the atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO2. Subsequently, the culture plates were rinsed with fresh McCoy's 5A medium and the cells were incubated for 3.5 h at 37°C in the same medium containing one of the following agents: GnRH (100 ng/ml), OT (10-1000 nM) or VIP (1-100 nM). The addition of GnRH to cultured pituitary cells resulted in marked increases in LH release (p<0.001) in all experimental groups. In the presence of OT and VIP we noted significant increases (p<0.001) in LH secretion by pituitary cells derived from gilts representing the positive feedback phase (Group 3). In contrast, OT and VIP were without any effect on LH release in Group 1 (placebo) and Group 2 (the negative feedback). Pituitary cells obtained from OVX gilts primed with P4 produced significantly higher amounts (p<0.001) of LH only after an addition of 100 nM OT. Neuropeptide GnRH did not affect PRL secretion by pituitary cells obtained from gilts of all experimental groups. Oxytocin also failed to alter PRL secretion in Group 1 and Group 2. However, pituitary cells from animals primed with EB 60-66 h before slaughter and P4 produced markedly increased amounts of PRL in the presence of OT. Neuropeptide VIP stimulated PRL release from pituitary cells of OVX gilts primed with EB (Groups 2 and 3) or P4. In contrast, in OVX gilts primed with placebo, VIP was without any effect on PRL secretion. In conclusion, the results of our in vitro studies confirmed the stimulatory effect of GnRH on LH secretion by porcine pituitary cells and also suggest a participation of OT and VIP in modulation of LH and PRL secretion at the pituitary level in a way dependent on hormonal status of animals.
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