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Cape Verde Islands are an example of a local diversity of the semi-arid equatorial climate zone. The type and intensity of the present-day morphogenetic processes is determined mostly by total precipitation and vegetation cover. We can distinguish three types of relief development. In the warm, arid climate conditions throughout the year, volcanic forms are very slowly changed or preserved by the action of episodic water, limited to a material redeposition in the wadi channels and sand dune forming by the wind. In the semi-arid climate conditions, volcanic forms are transformed into denudation-fluvial relief in the rain period. It is visible mainly on the windward side of islands and at a lower altitude, where the weathering material is washed from slopes and carried away down the wadi channels to the sea after periodic torrential rains. At the same time on the leeward side, at a higher altitude and in agricultural areas only a small amount of material is transported over short distance.
In the paper the analysis of the time variability of meteorological elements affecting tourist values of the climate in Central Pomerania in 1971–2000 was carried out. On the basis of the tourism climatic index (TCI) the usefulness of climatic conditions of the towns of Chojnice and Szczecinek for tourism during a year was assessed. It was observed that in 1971–2000 the values of some meteorological elements changed statistically signifi cantly. The largest changes were noticed in the number of cloudy days (an increase from 1.3 to 3.5 days/10 years in Szczecinek, a decrease by 1.7 days/10 years in Chojnice in October) in the maximum air temperature (an increase from 1.3 to 1.6 oC/10 years in January and April), in the minimum temperature (a decrease from 0.8 to 1.1oC/10 years in August and in Chojnice also from June to September) and in the precipitation total (an increase by 7.6 to 11.7 mm/10 years in February and March, a decrease by 10.2 mm/10 years in Szczecinek in November). According to the value index TCI the climatic conditions of Central Pomerania are at least “good” for the tourism for fi ve months during a year, from May to September. In a holiday season (July–August) the conditions are very good and even excellent in Chojnice in August. Unfavourable weather conditions occur during two–four months in a year, from November to February in Chojnice and in December and January in Szczecinek.
Ivy (Hedera helix L.) is the only native evergreen climber and exclusive representative of Araliaceae in Poland's flora. It occurs in all forests across Poland, mainly in the western and the southern part of the country. It is a shade−tolerant species, preferring mild climate as well as moist and fertile soils. In favourable conditions ivy climbs up the various supports, and it blooms when it has sufficient access to the light. The study synthesises dispersed information on the ivy ecology and identifies areas for further research. The occurrence of ivy is determined mainly by environmental conditions. Plantings and uncontrolled penetration into the forest environment plays also an important role in this species spread. Gaps, which have arisen in the stand, increase the chances of intensive growth of ivy population. The possibility of colonization of this species is limited mainly to secondary forests. Most studies suggest that ivy is influenced, indifferently or preferably, on tree support, provided that they are not weak. There are some disturbances such as storms or timber harvest that can contribute to the creation of favourable conditions for the mass colonization of forest habitats by ivy. The data concerning dynamics of ivy growth comes from research conducted in the Rhine valley and the Mediterranean region i.e. areas which have the most favourable conditions for the development of the species. Such research have not been carried out in the Central and Eastern Europe, where less favourable conditions for the development of ivy occur.
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