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The progress and intensity of the processes of regeneration, survival, and loss of trees in forests of a differentiated structure are presented in this paper A study concerned an area of 298.31 hectares of uneven-aged mountain forests of the Forest Experimental Station in Krynica managed by the shelterwood silvicultural system with the Swiss irregular shelterwood felling In the development of forests of a differentiated structure the increment was characterized by the highest intensity (8.83 m3/hectare/year), while the loss was less (4.14 m3/hectare/year), and the recruitment least (0.56 m3/hectare/year) intensive.
In the field experiment, 5-year-old 'Morden 604' and 'Miodowa' apricot trees grafted on the seedling rootstocks Wangenheim Prune and Erunosid (both P. domestica L.), as well as Polish selection apricot (P. armeniaca L.) geno­types A4 and M46 were compared with trees of the same cultivars on the standard P. divaricata rootstock. Vigour in apricot trees was affected by rootstock type. Trees of both cultivars on P. divaricata and 'M46' had the largest trunk cross-sectional area. The most dwarfing rootstock was 'Wangenheim Prune'. Rootstock had no effect on the fruiting of 'Morden 604' trees. In the case of the Miodowa cultivar, the highest cumulative yields were harvested from trees grafted on P. divaricata and 'M46', while the lowest from those on 'Erunosid'. The results revealed that 'Wangenheim Prune', in compari­son to other rootstock tested, significantly reduced the mean fruit weight. In addition, trees grafted on this rootstock had the highest mortality. Mean content of soluble solids in fruits of 'Morden 604' and 'Miodowa' apricots was not affected by root- stocks in this study. Generally, the value of A4 and M46 genotypes used as seedling rootstocks for apricot trees in this experiment was higher than the P. divaricata stan­dard rootstock.
A new theory of processes occurring in forests of the varied structure of breast-high diameters is presented in the work. The two processes differentiated and defined are the survival and the decrement, the measurability of their intensity being determined. The identified processes were used in formulating the model of development of a forest management class characterized by a varied structure of breast-high diameters, in the form of the probability matrix of transitions. Such a matrix constains a complete information concerning the effect of the survival and decrement processes on the sustainability and balanced development of forests of the varied structure.
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