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Our paper evaluates the effectiveness of pollutant removal from stormwater in a semi-natural treatment plant and develops stochastic models of their transformations in a soil bed. The examined wastewater treatment facilities consisted of reduction chambers and a retention-infiltration reservoir. The following indicators of pollution were subjected to analysis: BOD₅, COD, total suspended solids, and chlorides. It was shown that COD, total suspended solids, and chlorides are the indicators that have the greatest impact on stormwater quality. However, the possibility of removal of the analyzed pollutants from stormwater is affected by the sedimentation process occurring in the reduction chambers and in the retention-infiltration reservoir, as well as by the process of infiltration through the soil bed. The developed models of pollutant transformation during wastewater infiltration through the bed were presented as the regression equations, where the selected pollution indicators in the filtrate were the dependent variable, while the analyzed pollution indicators in water from the retention-infiltration reservoir, coefficients of constant reaction kinetics determined for each variable, and the time of infiltration of wastewater through the soil bed were adopted as independent variables.
The results of elimination of total coliforms, E.coli and enterococci from wastewater during mechanical-chemical treatment as well as biological treatment operated in the MUCT system in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant are presented. It was proved that the change of treatment technology resulted in improving bacteria removal efficiency - reduction of the number of total coliforms increased from 0.9 log(10) to 2.5 log(10) and E. coli from 1.0 log(10) to 2.3 log(10). The UV disinfection of effluent from the MUCT system allowed for further reduction of the number of bacteria to 3.4 log(10) when the dose of UV radiation equal to 40 mWs/cm(2) was applied and to 3.8 log(10) at the dose of 52 mWs/cm(2). The geometric mean number of bacteria in the effluent after UV disinfection with the dose 40 mWs/cm(2) was below 50/100 ml of total coliforms, 15/100 ml of E.coli and approximately 30/100 ml of enterococci.
The investigations were made in a loop bioreactor, where biomass was immobilized in the ceramic carrier. The influence of the internal circulation rate on the biodegradation efficiency of brewery wastes by immobilized biomass and on production of surplus sludge was examined. The rates of the internal circulation were 12, 38, 50 dm3·h-1. The experiments were performed at constant loading rate of the carrier of 17.9 g·dm-3·d-1 and hydraulic retention time of 3 h. Increasing in the internal circulation rate from 12 to 50 dm3·h-1 caused enhancement of the removal rate from 0.40 to 0.48 gCOD·dm-3·h-1 and limitation of surplus sludge productivity from 0.67 to 0.27 g·g-1 COD removed. The biodegradation rate of brewery wastes in a two-stage immobilized system was determined. The hydraulic retention time in this two-stage immobilized system was 6 h, which was enough to get a COD below 150 mg·dm-3 in the effluent.
Cadmium adsorption onto and desorption from sodium alginate and sodium alginate with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were studied. Intraparticular diffusion was demonstrated to limit adsorption kinetics during the first 20 min of process. The Deff value was dependent on adsorbent chemical composition and ranged from 3.35 ´ 10-10 m2/s to 1.86 ´ 10-10 m2/s for the 1.5% alginate with 0.5% PVA and for the 2% alginate with 5% PVA, respectively. At equilibrium the adsorption was more effective onto the 2% alginate and was lower for the alginate sorbent containing poly(vinyl alcohol). The dimensionless separation factor RL increased from 0.26 to 0.68 for the 2% alginate and the 2% alginate + 5% PVA, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities in Langmuir isotherm for both the 2% and 1.5% alginate with 0.5% PVA were similar and were 176 and 178 mg/g dry weight, respectively. However, the adsorption capacity decreased to 48 mg/g dry weight for the 2% alginate with the 5% PVA (in proportion to the polymer amount increase in the adsorbent). Cadmium desorption was more effective for nitric acid than for sulfuric and hydrochloric acids (desorption pH 2.2). More cadmium was desorbed from 2% alginate with 5% PVA than from 2% alginate or 1.5% alginate with 0.5% PVA.
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