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Auriculo-vestibular symptoms are otolaryngological complaints which frequently co-occur with functional disorders of masticatory organ. These symptoms include: earache, plugged ears sensation, sudden hearing impairment, burning pain of the throat, tinnitus, and dizziness. The aim of the study was assessment of co-occurrence of functional disorders of masticatory organ and auriculo-vestibular symptoms, in patients referred for otolaryngological treatment. Forty-two patients aged 24-46 years of both sexes referred for otolaryngological treatment, because of auriculo-vestibular symptoms, were qualified to our study within the framework of research project. After otolaryngological diagnostics (Department of Otolaryngology), these patients were referred for prosthetic consultation to the Department of Dental Prosthetics of Jagiellonian University Medical College. In Otolaryngology Clinic the following specialist examinations were carried out: basic clinical examinations, including otoscopy, tuning fork trials, tonal and verbal audiometry, and tympanometry. These examinations were supplemented with electronystagmometry. On prosthetic consultation, specialist functional investigations of masticatory organ, and electromyographic assessment of the activity of masseter muscles and the anterior part of the temporal muscle, were carried out. Results of the investigation revealed otolarygological causes of the reported symptoms in 30 patients, whereas in 12 patients (out of 42 patients referred for prosthetic consultation), numerous functional disorders of the stomatognathic system were observed. The investigation confirmed the occurrence of functional disorders in patients with auriculo-vestibular symptoms and appropriateness of treatment by a multi-specialist team.
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Drug-mediated ototoxicity and tinnitus: alleviation with melatonin

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This review evaluates the published basic science and clinical reports related to the role of melatonin in reducing the side effects of aminoglycosides and the cancer chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin, in the cochlea and vestibule of the inner ear. A thorough search of the literature was performed using available databases for the purpose of uncovering articles applicable to the current review. Cochlear function was most frequently evaluated by measuring otoacoustic emissions and their distortion products after animals were treated with cytotoxic drugs alone or in combination with melatonin. Vestibular damage due to aminoglycosides was evaluated by estimating hair cell loss in explanted utricles of newborn rats. Tinnitus was assessed in patients who received melatonin using a visual analogue scale or the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory. Compared to a mixture of antioxidants which included tocopherol, ascorbate, glutathione and N-acetyl-cysteine, melatonin, also a documented antioxidant, was estimated to be up to 150 times more effective in limiting the cochlear side effects, evaluated using otoacoustic emission distortion products, of gentamicin, tobramycin and cisplatin. In a dose-response manner, melatonin also reduced vestibular hair cell loss due to gentamicin treatment in explanted utricles of newborn rats. Finally, melatonin (3 mg daily) limited subjective tinnitus in patients. These findings suggest the potential use of melatonin to combat the ototoxicity of aminoglycosides and cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Additional studies at both the experimental and clinical levels should be performed to further document the actions of melatonin at the cochlear and vestibular levels to further clarify the protective mechanisms of action of this ubiquitously-acting molecule. Melatonin’s low cost and minimal toxicity profile supports its use to protect the inner ear from drug-mediated damage.
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