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In 1987 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the British Society of Gastroenterology Sir Francis Avery-Jones (1) wrote (perhaps a little exaggerating) in his introductory remarks: “In 1937 the alimentary tract was invisible, impalpable and inaccessible-except the top and the bottom”. Indeed, diagnostics in gastroenterology was very weak and uncertain at the beginning and even in the middle of the last century. Endoscopy and radiology, developing first apart and then together revolutionized the diagnostics and consequently the practice in gastroenterology. Endoscopy brought a new access to operative procedures alleviating the burden of open surgery as well. The method, apart from knowledge, needs personal skills and so new problems of postgraduate education and ethics appeared. Due to the enormous progress in science and in technology it has reached the present level of accuracy. Polish gastroenterology with its early achievements in gastric secretion (Leon Popielski, histamine), abdominal surgery (Ludwik Rydygier, first gastric resection), endoscopy (Jan Mikulicz-Radecki) and later research upon the neuro-hormonal brain-gut axis (Stanis³aw J. Konturek) tried to keep pace with the world-wide progress in this field. The Polish contributions to the growing knowledge and improving practice may be traced from the very beginning of the 20th century.
 Bacterial cancer therapy is a concept more than 100 years old - yet, all things considered, it is still in early development. While the use of many passive therapeutics is hindered by the complexity of tumor biology, bacteria offer unique features that can overcome these limitations. Microbial metabolism, motility and sensitivity can lead to site-specific treatment, highly focused on the tumor and safe to other tissues. Activation of tumor-specific immunity is another important mechanism of such therapies. Several bacterial strains have been evaluated as cancer therapeutics so far, Salmonella Typhimurium being one of the most promising. S. Typhimurium and its derivatives have been used both as direct tumoricidal agents and as cancer vaccine vectors. VNP20009, an attenuated mutant of S. Typhimurium, shows significant native toxicity against murine tumors and was studied in a first-in-man phase I clinical trial for toxicity and anticancer activity. While proved to be safe in cancer patients, insufficient tumor colonization of VNP20009 was identified as a major limitation for further clinical development. Antibody-fragment-based targeting of cancer cells is one of the few approaches proposed to overcome this drawback.
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