Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is considered one of the most contagious and economically devastating diseases affecting cloven-hoofed livestock worldwide. The etiologic agent, FMD virus (FMDV), has a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome, and belongs to the genus Aphthovirus in the family Picornaviridae. FMDV is antigenically variable and consists of seven serotypes (A, O, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3) and more than 60 subtypes. Antigenic diversity of FMDV is a major concern for FMD control. An important part of controlling and prevention of foot and mouth disease are still conventional inactivated vaccines. Vaccines against FMD are of major importance in endemic regions for controlling the disease, they are also important as emergency vaccines to limit the spread of outbreaks in FMD-free countries. Inactivated FMD preparations have been used successfully as part of eradication programs. However there are many problems and limitations associated with their use. In order to solve them a new generation vaccines is being developed. The article presents various types of FMD vaccines such as inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, live vector vaccines, DNA vaccines and live attenuated vaccines.
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