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It has been believed that overproduction of free radicals and/or deficiency of antioxidant systems, and stress hormones may play a role in etiopathogenesis of many diseases, including gastric ulcer. This study evaluated whether there was an effect of adrenalectomy on lipid peroxidation [malondialdehyde (MDA)] and antioxidant [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione (GSH) levels] systems in gastric tissue and erythrocyte in rats. As well, the impacts of administration of prednisolone and epinephrine on these systems in adrenalectomized rats were investigated. Thirty-three rats were randomly grouped as sham-operated (group I), adrenalectomized (group II), adrenalectomized + prednisolone (group III) and adrenalectomized + epinephrine (group IV). After experimental procedures, blood and gastric tissues samples were taken from each animal in all groups. Colorimetric assays were employed to determine gastric tissue and erythrocyte levels of MDA and GSH, and SOD and GPX activities. Adrenalectomy in group II rats caused a marked decrease of SOD and GPX activities and MDA levels, and an increase of GSH levels in gastric tissue and erythrocyte, when compared to sham-operated rats. However, especially epinephrine injection after adrenalectomy resulted in a significantly increase of measured antioxidant enzyme activities and GSH levels in both gastric tissue and erythrocyte. These results indicate that adrenalectomy appeared to alter the levels of antioxidants and lipid peroxidation product in gastric tissue and erythrocyte. Thus, the present study provides a physiological regulatory role of adrenal gland in the maintenance of oxidant/antioxidant balance in gastric tissue and erythrocyte.
We tested whether simulation of postural changes, which occur during public speech test procedures, activates cardiovascular system and stress hormone release that could interfere with the effect of psychosocial stress load. Young healthy male volunteers (n=8) underwent procedure imitating exactly all postural changes present in the psychosocial stress model based on public speech used in this laboratory (namely changes from sitting to standing and repeated sitting). Postural changes were associated with increases in heart rate, blood pressure, plasma concentrations of noradrenaline and aldosterone and elevation in plasma renin activity. In contrast to cardiovascular parameters, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol and adrenaline, the main characteristics of hormonal response during mental stress, were not significantly influenced. The overall magnitude of all observed alterations was much smaller than that seen following mental stress procedures in our previous studies. This study provides evidence that changes in body posture during public speech test procedure influence hemodynamics and endocrine responses in a mild manner. Though this influence may represent a source of unspecific variance, substantial confounding effects on responses to the psychosocial component of the procedure are unlikely. In any case, models combining mental stressors and changes in body posture must be interpreted as complex stress stimuli.
The aim of the study was to assess the level of stress hormones (cortisol and testosterone) in the blood of minks with a known behavioral profile based on the empathic test. The research was conducted on 100 one-year-old American mink (Neovison vison) females. The empathic test was performed according to the method described by Malmkvist and Hansen (2002) in triplicate with a two-week pause between tests. The test consisted of inserting a wooden stick into the living space of the animal. Animals were classified into four behavioral profiles: aggressive, curious, fearful and neutral. In the evaluation of stress level, the levels of testosterone and cortisol in postmortem blood were determined. Blood levels of testosterone (ng/ml) and cortisol (ng/ml) were determined by the ELFA method (Enzyme Linkes Fluorescent Assay). It has been shown that the behavioral profile of mink had no significant effect on the levels of testosterone and cortisol in the mink blood. Cortisol levels were similar in animals from all four behavioral profiles (40.6 to 46.0 ng / ml). The lowest level of testosterone was found in animals evaluated in the empathic test as aggressive and fearful (0.056 ng/ml and 0.071 ng/ml, respectively). Post mortem sampling reduces the effect of stress resulting from the blood collection itself, but the results of the study indicate that the determination of stress hormone levels in postmortem blood was a non-differentiating characteristic in the context of their behavioral profile.
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