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In Monks Wood National Nature Reserve in Cambridgeshire, England, the death occurred of approximately half of a large, feral population of muntjac deer Muntiacus reevesi (Ogilby, 1839} during January to April 1994. From their body mass and from post-mortem examination, the deer were evidently starving, and pneumonia was the ultimate cause of death in a number of cases. The incident coincided with increased foraging activity. Mortality was much reduced in 1995. Examination of a sample of deer shot in 1995 indicated body mass to be higher than for the 1994 casualties, but still lower than for deer from other sites. Without direct management of the popu­lation, future mortality incidents may be anticipated when the winter population is relatively high or weather conditions unfavourable.
Otherwise isogenic Escherichia coli CP78 (relA+) and CP79 (relA-) strains are commonly used in studies on the stringent control, the bacterial response to amino acid starvation. We found that these strains are lysogenic for a phage which is spontaneously induced with a low frequency, producing virions able to infect other E. coli strains. Genetic studies, restriction analysis of the phage DNA genome, and electron microscopy revealed that this phage is very similar to, but not identical with, bacteriophage λ. We called the newly isolated phage λW, and found that most of CP78/CP79 ancestor strains are lysogenic for this phage.
Podisus maculiventris (Say) is a generalist predator attacking many insect species from different orders. The bug injects saliva into its prey's body. The ingested hemolymph and liquefied internal tissues pass through the bug's alimentary tract. Collagenase working on peptide bonds of collagen and basement membrane proteins, leads to the disintegration of the prey's internal organs. As yet, there is an almost complete lack of knowledge on the collagenase activity in P. maculiventris. The collagenase activity of the salivary glands and midgut was optimum at pH 8.0 which was congruent with the optimal pH of the total proteolytic activity of the salivary glands. More collagenolytic activity was determined in the posterior lobe of the salivary glands and anterior midgut. Significant inhibition of collagenolytic activity by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) revealed the enzyme is a metalloproteinase. The collagenase activity notably decreased when the bug went hungry. The salivary gland collagenase is a vital enzyme in extra-oral digestion and facilitates the action of other digestive enzymes. The midgut collagenase may be involved in the digestion of the ingested muscle fibers. The collagenase probably acts as an intoxicating agent in the saliva (venom) of P. maculiventris. Paralysing toxins are present in the salivary gland secretion.
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain W303 synthesizes in the early logarith­mic phase of growth dolichols of 14-18 isoprene residues. The analysis of the polyisoprenoids present in the stationary phase revealed an additional family which proved to be also dolichols but of 19-24 isoprene residues, constituting 39% of the to­tal dolichols. The transfer of early logarithmic phase cells to a starvation medium lacking glucose or nitrogen resulted in the synthesis of the longer chain dolichols. The additional family of dolichols represented 13.8% and 10.3% of total dolichols in the glucose and nitrogen deficient media, respectively. The level of dolichols in yeast cells increased with the age of the cultures. Since both families of dolichols are present in stationary phase cells we postulate that the longer chain dolichols may be responsi­ble for the physico-chemical changes in cellular membranes allowing yeast cells to adapt to nutrient deficient conditions to maintain long-term viability.
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