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The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation on the content and yield of starch in several potato cultivars grown in different regions of Poland. Field experiments were conducted over the period 2009-2011 in Experimental Stations belonging to the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Słupia Wielka. Three factors were analysed: cultivation technology: (a) with irrigation and (b) without irrigation – as the control treatment; potato cultivars (Bellarosa, Cyprian, Owacja and Vineta) and three locations (Masłowice, Szczecin Dąbie, Węgrzce). The study was conducted with the randomized split-plot design with three replications. Permanent fertilization applied in the experiment amounted to: 100 kg N, 43.6 kg P and 124.5 kg K·haˉ¹. Cultivation and plant protection measures were performed in accordance with the principles of good agricultural practice. Irrigation was used when moisture content in the soil layer (0-30 cm) fell below 70% of the field water capacity. Tuber harvest was performed during their full physiological maturity. Tuber yield and the content and yield of starch were determined during harvest. Obtained results were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significant effect of the studied factors on starch content and yield was proved. For starch yield, interaction between experimental location and cultivars, technology and irrigation and location, and the years of study and cultivars also appeared to be significant.
The article contains data concerning the production and economic aspects of producing starch from three starch potato cultivars, such as Adam, Pasja Pomorska and Ślęza. The considerations are based on an experiment conducted in 2008–2010 at the Experimental Station of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, situated in Bałcyny (N = 53°35’49’’; E = 19°51’20,3’’). The study has shown that the cultivar Adam is the least economically useful starch potato, as it gives low starch yields, generates very high unit costs and presents the least favourable response to modifications in foliar fertilization that do not lead to the improvement of yielding. The lowest unit costs of producing starch occurred in the production of the potato cultivar Ślęza. Depending on the applied foliar fertilization treatments, the starch production unit costs decreased the most for the cultivar Pasja Pomorska, reaching the highest cost reduction level in the variant consisting of soil dressing A – 280 kg ha⁻¹ NPK (80 N, 80 P, 120 K) and foliar fertilization variant a – Basfoliar 12-4-6 [8 dm ha⁻¹].
In contrast to the world-wide given situation for maize as the main substrate in starch isolation, wheat gains an advantageous position in the European starch industry although technical starch yield cannot compete fully material prices. Its remarkable position profits also from wheat gluten as valuable byproduct. Further indication for rising preference can be seen in the installation of new processing capacities in Europe. However, the economic situation of wheat starch production follows unavoidable fluctuations of wheat gluten markets. Political decisions play an important role, too. The challenging situation connected with wheat as substrate for starch extraction is result of developments in equipment and remodelling of technology. The most important contribution consisted in an obvious shift of the relation of water to flour used for flour/water mixture preparation, starch and gluten extraction, and refining. This was initialised mainly by the introduction of separation techniques using centrifugal principles. With respect to limited availability of water and increasing costs for waste water treatment reduction of water supply is a steady target. In close connection to developments in separation technology wheat and wheat flour should gain extended attraction. Published standards are limited and reveal at most characteristics oriented to the. Martin process. With respect to recent developments in technology, alternative testing procedures have been proposed. Results demonstrate the suitability and specificity of the „Mixer method", a procedure adapted to flour/water relations in centrifugal separation. But, the time consuming procedure restricts general application. With respect to characteristics describing substrate properties, parameters of conventional wheat quality evaluation systems are measured additionally and assigned to quantities of the mixer method. An extended data base is expected to provide with measures to select the most suitable system for classification of wheat grain and wheat flour. After all, the outlook should not omit to mention developments in conventional breeding and genetic engineering that will allow to affect starch granule characteristics, molecular structure and composition of wheat starch offering promising prospects in functionality and application of wheat starch.
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