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Two family-groups of wood mice Apodemus sylvaticus (Linnaeus, 1758) were ob­served: one in the laboratory (terrarium 100 x 60 x 60 cm) and the other under enclosure conditions (outdoor enclosure 200 x 100 x 100 cm). Three consecutive periods in the social relations of the family-groups were described: the linear hierarchy, the multidirectional social relations, and the variable dominance-subordination relations. The linear social hierarchy was reflected in the subordination behaviour of family members in relation to the dominant male, the father of the family. During the period of coexistence of a pair of parents with two litters of juveniles, both in the laboratory and under enclosure conditions, amicable relations between individuals occurred. Advanced forms of social care (paternal care, allomaternal lactation, transportation and licking by relatives) were also observed. In the laboratory, agonistic interactions were lacking during the linear hierarchy period, but the attainment of sexual maturity by individuals of the first two litters, accompanied by an increase in the number of mice, resulted in aggression between mature males and competition for dominance. Further, under increasingly crowded conditions, agonistic behaviour prevailed over other types of social interaction, and the survival rate of juveniles decreased. Under enclosure conditions a seasonal variation in agonistic interaction between mature individuals was recorded, similar to that observed in the wild. Despite the systematic increase in population density, no attacks by mature males on juveniles were observed.
Subject and purpose of work: The article presents the role of social relations between organic farmers and organic farming environment (representatives of local government, non-governmental organizations) in the development of organic farming in the Świdwin County. The aim of the paper is to explore the role of local leader and social capital in the process of organic the farming development in selected geographical area. Materials and methods: The research is based on both the analysis of existing data and the results of the study (Individual In-depth Interviews - IDIs and Focus Group Interview - FGI) carried out in 2016 with organic farmers and organic farming stakeholders incl. representatives of local government and non-governmental organizations. Results: The study shows a positive correlation between high level of social capital and a strong sector of organic farming. The key significance is given to a local leader activity. Conclusions: The development of a close network of social relations between organic farmers, and between organic farmers and their environment (representatives of local government and non-governmental organizations) determines the development of a strong sector of organic farming in the area. An important condition for the organic farming development is also recognition of this type of resources by the local authorities.
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