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Dobrze znane są zwyczaje żywieniowe ludzi starszych zamieszkałych w różnych rejonach Szwecji. Wykazują one duże podobieństwo. W większości przypadków przeciętne spożycie energii i składników odżywczych znacznie przekracza zalecane normy spożycia; zróżnicowanie jest jednak duże, co odzwierciedlają wartości odchylenia standardowego osiągające często 25% wartości średnich. Niektóre składniki odżywcze, jak białko, wapń i witamina D, jak również pewne wskaźniki i czynniki ryzyka zasługują na szczególną uwagę.
Background. Sedentarism and Physical Activity (PA) are considered main components of people’s lifestyle and key indicators of health. Although they can be seen as opposite life conducts that reduce each other’s effects on health, no study has yet clarified the nature of their relation. However, both behaviors can be influenced by similar psychological, social, and environmental constructs. Material and methods. We selected 480 students (272 boys, 208 girls) from middle schools in the metropolitan area of Monterrey (Mexico), who filled in questionnaires on PA behaviors and social-environmental correlates through an online system. Results. Our outcomes highlighted overall low PA levels. Further, girls are more affected by their social environment, whereas physical environment barriers represent a fitting predictor of boys’ PA. Regardless of gender, PA engagement seems to be significantly determined by the level of enjoyment of sedentary behaviors. Conclusions. These results can help professionals in PA and health create gender-specific interventions targeting to raise youth’s PA levels by means of enhancing psychosocial and contextual features. Due to the lack of studies on psychological factors related to sedentary behaviors, our results could arouse attention on this issue and promote further research to better understand the processes beneath it.
Relative performance of students by gender in public examinations was assessed using questionnaires and standardized test on one hundred and eighty students from some selected urban centered schools in Benue State. Casual comparative design and correlation design were used and the results showed that socio-economic status of parents affects the performance of their children/wards (students), and there is no significance difference in the level of performance between boys and girls in public examinations. Parent should be enlightened through seminars and workshops on the importance of educating themselves and their children/ward. Governments, nongovernmental organization (NGO’S) and individuals should establish more schools for more education of both sexes. These were the suggestions advanced.
Subject and purpose of work: The subject of the study is urban farming and examples of urban gardens built in selected cities in North America and Europe. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of urban farming on urban landscape. Materials and methods: A case study – analysis of the ecological, spatial and social aspects of selected examples. Results: The idea of urban farming is gaining popularity and every year there are more urban gardens in cities in North America and Europe. There are several dozen urban gardens in Poland. Their structure is diversified so as to meet the needs of local communities. The character and scale of urban farming is diversified. These gardens satisfy aesthetic, scenic, ecological, social and even economic needs of small communities. They enrich the urban landscape with new, seasonally changeable enclaves of utility and aesthetic greenery. Conclusions: Urban farming is an ecological, social and spatial factor and a favourable alternative to urban landscape transformations. The development of urban farming should be successively supported by local authorities.
Na podstawie danych Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego dotyczących budżetów polskich gospodarstw domowych przeprowadzono badania zależności spożycia piwa od zamożności społeczeństwa. W wyniku zastosowania opisowych modeli ekonometrycznych stwierdzono, że przyrost dochodu rozporządzalnego o 1% wywołał zwiększenie wydatków na piwo o 1,14%.
A comparison drawn between large and small farms enabled to stale that the latter are more profitable. A great role in the above mentioned comparison was played by social factors, such as: population problems and land ownership. Certain difficulties in hiring farm workers are connected with the disproportions concerning profitability that exist between agriculture and industry. Moreover, the question of securing the future of young people and findind a job for them is of primary economic importance. The situation of large and small farms differs considerably in this respect. The families possessing large farms are usually wealthy and their children are able to acquire education and find a job in town. Large farms offer work for village dwellers. They also conduct commodity production, while small farms arc only aimed at being self-sufficient. At present the development of large farms is at a standstill. An economic advantage of small farms over large ones as far as net profits are concerned leads to the situation where the former buy the latter. The fact that the prices of agricultural goods are in Poland lower than production costs, and that this distance seems to be still growing, is the greatest threat to the development of small farms.
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