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1
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Susceptibility of winter Triticale cultivars to Rhizoctonia cerealis (sharp eyespot) and R. solani

100%
Lemanczyk G.
Journal of Plant Protection Research
|
2012
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tom 52
|
nr 4
In the field study period from 2006 to 2010, the incidence and severity of sharp eyespot caused by Rhizoctonia were recorded on 36 cultivars of triticale at the milk ripe growth stage. Four localities in north-central Poland were included: Chrząstowo, Dębina, Kończewice and Minikowo. The susceptibility of the seedlings of 30 cultivars of triticale to R. cerealis (AG-D subgroup I) and R. solani (AG-5) was studied in the laboratory. There was much variation in incidence and severity of sharp eyespot between years and locations. The disease was most intense at Chrząstowo. At this location, the mean percentage of diseased stems on 28 cultivars was 2.6-35.7 (-55.0), and the mean disease index was 0.7-15.6 (-24.5), with the lowest and highest values in 2008 and 2009, respectively. At Minikowo, the disease was least intense. At this location, the mean percentage of diseased stems on 23 cultivars was 1.0-4.6 (-18.0), and the mean disease index was 0.3-1.4 (-6.3), with the lowest and highest values in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The cultivars with least intense disease were Tulus and Atletico (Chrząstowo), Grenado and Zorro (Dębina), Krakowiak and Tornado (Kończewice), and Woltario and Constans (Minikowo). The cultivars with most intense disease were Alekto (Chrząstowo), Baltiko (Dębina), Pawo (Kończewice) and Borwo (Minikowo). Mostly R. cerealis was isolated from the diseased stems; R. solani was isolated only sporadically. There was a wide variation in the susceptibility of triticale cultivars to Rhizoctonia. Most triticale seedlings inoculated with R. cerealis produced symptoms typical of sharp eyespot. Seedlings inoculated with R. solani formed extended lesions with no defined borders. Most symptoms developed on coleoptiles, with less symptoms on the leaves and the least on the roots. There was much variation in susceptibility of triticale cultivars to both Rhizoctonia species. Cultivars were grouped into six categories according to the intensity of seedling infection. Categories 1, 2 and 3, representing low, moderate and high susceptibility to R. cerealis, included 17, 10 and 3 cultivars, respectively. Categories 4, 5 and 6, representing low, moderate and high susceptibility to R. solani, included 3, 12 and 15 cultivars, respectively. Cultivars Baltiko and Zorro had low, and cv. Cultivo had high susceptibility to both Rhizoctonia species. No cultivar was resistant to Rhizoctonia. There was a positive correlation between infection by R. cerealis and R. solani. Infection of coleoptiles by R. cerealis or R. solani was significantly correlated with infection of leaves. No correlation between intensity of sharp eyespot on triticale plants in the field and on seedlings in controlled conditions was found.
2

Occurrence of sharp eyespot in spring cereals grown in some regions of Poland

80%
Lemanczyk G.
Journal of Plant Protection Research
|
2010
|
tom 50
|
nr 4
Occurrence of sharp eyespot was determined in the period 2006–2008, on commercial fields of spring cereals, localized in northern and central Poland. Percent of infected stems, and the disease index were evaluated. Occurrence of sharp eyespot on spring cereals, especially on oat, was low. Slight infection was mostly observed. In some farm fields, disease symptoms were not observed. A significant difference in the occurrence of sharp eyespot on barley in respective years was noted. On commercial farms, the effect of previous crop and fungicidal treatment on occurrence of sharp eyespot was not observed. Significant variation of the infection was noted only for barley. Presence of Rhizoctonia cerealis and R. solani in the damaged tissues was confirmed by mycological analysis as well as PCR assay.
3
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Effects of farming system, chemical control, fertilizer and sowing density on sharp eyespot and Rhizoctonia spp. in winter wheat

80%
Lemanczyk G.
Journal of Plant Protection Research
|
2012
|
tom 52
|
nr 4
Effects of agronomic practices on the occurrence of sharp eyespot and Rhizoctonia spp. in winter wheat were determined in two field experiments. In Experiment 1, in the village of Osiny, a comparison was made of disease in different farming systems. The farming systems were: organic, integrated, conventional, and monoculture. In Experiment 2, in the village of Mochełek, the effects of different chemical controls (no treatment, herbicide, herbicide + fungicide), mineral fertilizer doses (147 and 221 kg/ha NPK) and sowing densities (400 and 600 grains/m2) on the occurrence of sharp eyespot were compared in wheat grown in short-term monoculture. There was considerably more sharp eyespot in 2007 (disease index 1.63-29.5%) than in other years. Significant effects of the treatments were mostly noted at the milk ripe growth stage. The fewest sharp eyespot symptoms were seen in the integrated farming system. The most sharp eyespot symptoms were seen in the conventional and organic systems. There was a tendency for an increased intensity of symptoms in successive wheat-growing years of short-term monoculture. The application of pesticides showed no clear effect on the occurrence of sharp eyespot. The herbicide resulted in increased or decreased disease intensity depending on the cultivation year and the date of observation. Fungicide application did not decrease infection. Without chemical control, more symptoms were observed at the lower NPK rate. There were more symptoms at the higher sowing density. Stems with sharp eyespot symptoms were mostly infected by Rhizoctonia cerealis, and less frequently by R. solani. Binucleate Rhizoctonia spp., which could not be identified to species using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, were also recorded. Two R. zeae isolates were also obtained from stems with disease symptoms in Mochełek. R. solani was more often isolated from roots or stems with symptoms of true eyespot or fusarium foot rot. Most isolates of Rhizoctonia spp. were obtained at the milk ripe stage. A wheat-growing system and chemical control did not greatly affect the frequency of Rhizoctonia spp.
4

The effect of previous crop and weather conditions on the incidence of stem base diseases in winter wheat

80%
Zoltanska E.
Journal of Plant Protection Research
|
2005
|
tom 45
|
nr 1
37-40
The incidence of winter wheat stem base diseases: Fusarium foot rot (Fusarium spp.), eyespot (Ramulispora herpotrichoides), sharp eyespot (Rhizoctonia spp.) and take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis) in the years 1999–2003 was assessed in this study. Previous crops were barley and oilseed rape. Eyespot occurred on the greatest percentage of plants throughout the whole period of the study. In 2000–2003 a deficiency of rainfall was observed, especially at the time of increased water requirements of plants.
5

Fungicide resistance of Rhizoctonia cerealis isolates

71%
Pieczul K., Swierczynska I.
Progress in Plant Protection
|
2014
|
tom 54
|
nr 2
Sharp eyespot caused by Rhizoctonia cerealis is a common disease of cereals in Poland. R. cerealis is considered a weak pathogen, but under favourable conditions the incidence of the disease increases. The pathogen control is performed with fungicides used against other stem base diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the resistance level of R. cerealis isolates to selected fungicides that are used in the cereal crop protection. Cyproconazole and pyraclostrobin were fungicides that highly limited growth of the examined isolates. The group of the fungicides well-inhibiting growth of R. cerealis includes: epoxiconazole, flusilazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, azoxystrobin, carbendazim and next kresoxim-methyl and phenpropimorph. Most of the tested isolates were resistant to thiophanate-methyl, cyprodinil and prochloraz. The results indicate the possibility of effective control of R. cerealis by fungicides used for protection of other stem base diseases.
6

Zdrowotność podstawy źdźbła pszenicy ozimej w zależności od sposobu nawożenia azotem i chemicznej regulacji zachwaszczenia

61%
Damszel M. M., Czajka W., Kosewska A., Laszczak-Dawid A.
Progress in Plant Protection
|
2010
|
tom 50
|
nr 2
Integration of herbicide and fertilization treatments as well as search for effective fungicide preparations are of a particular importance in plant disease control. The aim of this three-year experiment w to assess the effect of herbicide treatments and methods of nitrogen application on the occurrence of root and foot rot caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis, Fusarium spp., Oculimacula spp., Rhizoctonia spp., and to determine frequency of fungi infesting the stem base. The results have demonstrated that soil nitrogen fertilization limited symptoms of take-all but favoured more intensive presentation of sharp eyespot. The symptoms of cereal and grass eyespot as well as those of take-all became more visible when nitrogen was applied to the soil than on leaves. A mixture of the herbicides Chwastox 300 SL and Starane 250 EC was the most effective in controlling sharp eyespot, while soil and foliar application were the most effective in controlling take-all. Granstar 75 WG, applied separately or in combination with the herbicides Starane 250 EC and Chwastox 300 SL, resulted in more pronounced symptoms of sharp eyespot and take-all.
7

Wpływ zapraw nasiennych i terminu siewu na występowanie chorób podsuszkowych pszenicy ozimej

61%
Kurowski T. P., Sargalski D.
Progress in Plant Protection
|
2010
|
tom 50
|
nr 2
The study was performed in 2000–2002, on winter wheat cv. Mikon in the third year of monoculture. The severity of root rot increased throughout the growing season. The highest infection was noted in the treatment with early sowing and without seed dressing. The application of two seed dressing chemicals (Raxil 020 FS and Latitude 125 FS) instead of one (Raxil 020 FS) had a more beneficial effect on the health status of wheat roots. Later sowing contributed to more effective control of Gaeumannomyces graminis. The effect of experimental factors on the incidence of root and foot rot was observed until the flowering stage.
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