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This paper presents the results of the study on seed morphology of five Polish species of the genus Sorbus L. (S. aria (L.) Crantz, S. aucuparia L. Emend. Hedl., S. chamaemespilus (L.) Crantz, S. intermedia (Ehrh.) Pers. and S. torminalis (L.) Crantz). Observations and measurements were carried out with stereoscope and scanning microscopes. Four types of seed microsculpture were distinguished on the ground of SEM observations. The key to determine Polish species, based on morphological characters of seeds is given too.
The morphology of pollen grains of Rosa gallica was studied on the basis of material from 15 natural localities in southern Poland. It was ascertained that the diagnostic features of pollen grains of R. gallica were: the presence of deep, often Y-shaped striae in a linear arrangement; numerous perforations of various, rather big diameters on the bottom of striae; the occurrence of operculum on the membrane of ectocolpus; the presence of costae ectocolpi and fastigium in the area of endopori. The most significant differences among the particular samples studied concern the shape of grains. The differences between pollen grains of 15 individuals of Rosa gallica from southern Poland are generally slight. The most discriminating measured character is length of equatorial axis of pollen grain and length of ectocolpi and thickness of exine along polar axis. The remaining differentiate the individuals with smaller significance. The differences between Silesian samples and all the other examined ones may result from origin of different Pleistocene refugia.
Morphological and anatomical traits of needles of Abies alba saplings growing under the canopies of Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, Betula pendula, Pinus sylvestris and Larix decidua were studied. An acclimation of the needles to different light conditions created by the principal species of the canopy was assessed using different microscopic methods. Length, width, needle area, stomatal density, parenchyma thickness, resin ducts diameter, central cylinder size and other traits of needles allowed to determine their structural plasticity in response to irradiance level. Leaf mass to area ratio, palisade parenchyma thickness, diameter of resin ducts increased, whereas width/thickness ratio and needle thickness/parenchyma thickness ratio decreased with increasing canopy openness. Variation in the investigated patterns of the needles reflected their structural plasticity and also an ability of silver fir saplings to acclimate to irradiance under the canopies of diverse tree species.
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