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The presence of riparian vegetation is shown to affect both physical and biological properties of headwater streams. Riparian vegetation mediates food resource availability for macroinvertebrates and fish within streams through addition of allochthonous material such as leaves, woody debris and terrestrial invertebrates. Riparian shade can also reduce biomass and production of autochthonous algae. The potential role of riparian vegetation in enhancing biodiversity and productivity of headwater streams is discussed, with reference to improving salmonid fish stocks in the headwater streams of Ireland and Great Britain.
Background. The effect of the magnetic field on fish egg shells has not attracted major interest of researchers, even though it could have been predicted that such effect may be vital to fish embryogenesis. One of the hitherto-neglected aspects of the magnetic field action of fish eggs are the changes in the egg shell permeability and possible alteration of the process of embryogenesis. Studying this process and learning the associated phenomena may be important in explaining cases of substantial mortality of the embryos. Materials and Methods. Fish eggs (Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.; sea trout, Salmo trutta L.; and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) and isolated egg shells, in a custom-made osmometer setups, were subjected to the action of a stable magnetic field (2 mT). The ultrastructure of the egg-shells was studied using a scanning electron microscope (JEOL JSM 6100). Results. Stable magnetic field (2 mT), affecting fish eggs, caused statistically significant increase in the egg-shell permeability to water, in the period of the egg activation (and also less distinct increase during the entire embryogenesis). Conclusion. Weak, stable magnetic field increases egg-shell permeability to water affecting water management processes in fish eggs, during incubation. This phenomenon may have practical implications for fish hatcheries
The aim of this study is to describe the ultrastructure of oncospheral envelopes in the pseudophyllidean cestode Eubothrium salvelini, a parasite of salmonid fishes. Our results indicate that the eggs of E. salvelini differ in their ultrastructure from those of the majority of the Pseudophyllidea. The entire embryonic development, including differentiation of the mature, infective oncosphere of E. salvelini takes place in the uterus and not in the aquatic environment, as is common for other pseudophyllideans. Egg maturation is not simultaneous; together with mature eggs containing fully differentiated oncospheres, can be found numerous small immature, nonfertilized and nonviable abortive eggs. The normally developing eggs of E. salvelini are large, oval and nonoperculated. Three envelopes surround the infective hexacanths: (1) the eggshell; (2) the outer envelope originating from macromere fusion; (3) the inner envelope formed by numerous mesomeres which usually persist in the mature eggs. Our observations confirm that both the outer and the inner envelopes of E. salvelini eggs are cellular in origin and syncytial in nature. The typical oncospheral membrane was not observed in this species. New data on the origin and ultrastructure of oncospheral envelopes may present useful criteria for phylogenetic analysis of lower cestodes. Ontogenetic characters, such as ultrastructural aspect of morphogenesis of infective larval stages, are proposed as phylogenetic indicators in studies of cestode evolution.
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