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The authors studied immunological changes in 44 women with chronic trichomonadal colpitis and in 36 men with symptomless infection of urethra (age 19-50 years). In all the patients all other diseases were excluded. The presence of T. vaginalis in the vagina content and the secretion of the urethra was detected by means of microscope examination of fresh slides and of culture on Trimed medium. Besides, in all the patients complete morphological picture of blood as well as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Biernacki reaction) were examined in order to find a relationship between these parameters. In the studies on the cellular immunological response the following tests were made: a) estimate of the number of early and late erythrocyte rosettes, and the absolute number of T lymphocytes in peripheral blood, by means of the test of rosette formation (it was assumed, after Bach, that a lymphocyte with five or more erythrocytes (of sheep) around it is a rosette), b) estimate of the absolute number of erythrocyte and B lymphocyte rosettes in peripheral blood, by means of the zymosan test of rosette formation; c) skin test of the delayed type with diluted tuberculine (1 : 5000), read after 24 hrs basing on the occurrence of erythema and induration. The results were statistically analysed using methods of comparative analysis. They were compared with the results of the tests on a control group comprising 40 healthy persons (20 men and 20 women) at age of 27-58 years. The results are presented in the table. The results of the test of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, not included in the table, were within the normal range in all the examined patients. Basing on the presented results the authors are of opinion that in the trichomoniasts immunological reactions of humoral and cellular type occur, both types being detectable almost to the same extent.
Estimation of virulence of T. vaginalis strains injected subcutaneously to mice was done. T. vaginalis strains were obtained from the urinogenital tracts of patients with different clinical forms of trichomonosis. The virulence of T. vaginalis strains measured by infiltration size was found to depend upon a clinical form of trichomonosis. It was moreover shown that the cutaneous infiltration size is proportional to a dose of Trichomonas administered subcutaneously. Histopathological analysis of cutaneous infiltration itself is not decisive as to the strains virulence, yet in addition to macroscopic examination it may be a criterium in the studies on strain pathogenicity.
Swabs of the genito-urinary tract of 638 women were taken and subsequently examined with the use of the latex agglutination test (LAT). The results were compared with wet mounts and cultures. The sensitivity of these methods were: 98, 30.7, and 46.1; the specifity: 99.8, 100, and 100; the usefulness: 99.5, 94.4, and 95.6, respectively. In acute trichomonosis the results of LAT and the conventional methods were almost identical but in the chronic and asymptomatic forms of the disease, the results obtained with the use of LAT were better whereas the conventional methods were of little significance. Any cross-reactivity of specific anti- Trichomonas vaginalis immunoglobulin G was observed neither between the antigens of fungi from the genus Candida nor between bacteria. Quantitative analysis of this new test indicates that the use of the latex reagent prepared in our laboratory makes it possible to detect the soluble T. vaginalis antigens in concentration of 50 ng/ml. Our results indicate that as a very sensitive and specific test, LAT can be useful in the diagnosis of asymptomatic trichomonosis when the microscopic examination and culture are ineffective.
Trichomonacidal activity in vitro of 2 newly synthesized derivatives of benzoizothiazolinon (BIT) in comparison with metronidazole was determined by calculating lethal concentration for 50% trichomonal population (C₅₀). Experiments were carried out on 2 strains of T. vaginalis and 2 strains of T. anseris. Both preparations showed considerably higher trichomonacidal activity than metronidazole. Mean values of trichomonacidal activity of N-morpholinomethyl-1,2-benzoizothiazolinon-3 for T. vaginalis and T. anseris amounted to 885 and 1997 respectively, and were 6 and 8 times higher than those of hydrochloride of N-piperydynomethyloamide of (5-chlor-1,2-benzoizothiazolinon-3ylo-2)-acetic acid. The lowest trichomonacidal activity of hydrochloride of N-piperydynomethylamide of (5-chlor-1,2-benzoizothiazolinon-3ylo-2)-acetic acid was 10-fold higher than that of N-morpholinomethyl-1,2-benzoizothiazolinon-3 and several hundred times lower than metronidazole concentration.
By the modification of chemical structure of some drugs the series of ether compounds with potential anti-trichomoniasis and anti-fungial action were received.
The objective of the study was to ascertain the presence of complement binding antibodies against T. vaginalis, T. tenax and hominis in the blood of women with chronic simultaneous (two species) trichomoniasis, and a comparison of the dynamics of antibody formation in the blood of women with one species trichomoniasis. The determinations were made prior to and following the treatment with Fasigyn, in hope to obtain additional data on antigene properties of trichomonas parasites of human organism. The test for complement binding was made for 144 women, 84 of them simultaneously infected with two of the three species of Trichomonas mentioned above and 60 with one. It has been found that in the former the complement binding antibodies attain higher concentrations (except antibodies against T. hominis), and following the Fasigyn treatment in all the cases they return to the normal level later than in respective monospecific trichomoniasis. The highest concentrations of the antibodies, both against T. vaginalis and T. tenax have been found in women with simultaneous trichomoniasis of urogenital system and oral cavity. Lower concentrations of the antibodies against both these species of Trichomonas have been found in women with simultaneous trichomoniasis of both urogenital system and intestine or both intestine and oral cavity. This can be accounted for by a dose antigene relationship between T. vaginalis and T. tenax, and a much more distant relationship of both these species on the one hand and T. hominis on the other.
The authors showed the frequency of occurrence of trichomonadosis and candidosis in 31 842 women living in the Upper Silesia territory. The most extensive invasion of T. vaginalis and C. albicans was found in autumn, and in women 24-34 years old.
The objective of the study was the analysis of selected parameters of humoral and cellular immunity in patients with Trichomonas tenax and fungi existing concurrently in the oral cavity ontocenosis. The study included 37 patients (age range 26-70 years, x=54.5±4.l) diagnosed with trichomonosomycosis. Standard methods were used to determine the total level of protein and its individual fractions, leukocytosis and sedimentation rate. Serum levels of immunoglobulins IgA, IgM and IgG, and the level of IgA immunoglobulin in saliva (S-IgA) were determined with the immunodilTussion method using NOR-Partigen and LC-Partigen (Behring) platelets. To define blastic and miotic indices (IB and IM), rosette tests ER, EAR and EACR as well as phytohemagglutinin-induced (PHA) blastic transformation test were employed. In 21.1% of patients, a decrease in total protein level (on the average 6.85±0.23 g/dl), and in 11.1% in globulins of y fraction (18.5±1.18%) was observed, in 40% of cases the leukocytes count was higher (10080±690.7), and in all patients the sedimentation rate was accelerated (77.9±12.2 mm). The level of class A immunoglobulins (368.7±49,0 mg%) was in 29.2% above norm, and of IgG class (1182.8±92.9 mg%) was in 13.6% below norm and in 13.6% above norm. In case of S-IgA (8.15±0.63 mg%), the level was below norm in all patients. Also in all patients a decreased lymphocytes T count (value ER - 37.3±1.04%) and deficiency in their function (indices: IB 22.5±2.98%, IM 2.3±0.84%) could be observed, whereas lymphocytes B count was increased (values EAR - 18.3±0.7%; values EACR -22.1-0.77). These data indicate that in cases of oral trichmonosomycosis there occurs a low level of secretory immunoglobulin class A in saliva and the number of lymphocytes T, deficient in function, is decreased.
Trichomonads are anaerobic, flagellated protists belonging to the large phylum Parabasalia. In most cases, they exist as endosymbionts – harmless comensals of invertebrates and vertebrates – but several species are considered to be imported intestinal or urogenital parasites of humans and other animals. This paper presents current information on the taxonomy, morphology and biology of trichomonads. The characterization of invasiology followed by the description of virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms of trichomonads is presented. The present paper also reviews diagnostic methods, treatment and prevention of trichomoniasis.
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