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The effects of food abundance, reproductive success and age of nestlings on parental care in female Tengmalm's Owls were tested in this study. The behaviour of female owls was monitored by a camera system from hatching to fledging at 12 nests in 2004 and 2006 in the Ore Mountains, Czech Republic. Food abundance and reproductive success (the latter measured at the end of female's attendance of the brood) were higher in 2004 than in 2006. Females remained for a significantly longer time with their nestlings at the nests in 2004 (24.8 ± 2.4 days) than in 2006 (22.2 ± 0.9 days). During the attendance period, they were leaving the nest for several short trips each night; the duration of these trips, the total time spent outside the nest per night, and the number of trips per night did not differ between years. However, these variables did increase with increasing age of the young (though the number of trips per night increased only during the last week of the females' stay on the nests). Two types of female parental strategies were recorded after the end of brood attendance period: in 2004 when food was abundant, most of the females left their broods, whereas in 2006 when food was scarce, most of the females continued parental care and took part in the feeding of nestlings. The reproductive success was correlated negatively with both the total number of prey items and the proportional contribution of the females to nestling feeding. These results support the hypothesis that if the ecological conditions are such that the offspring can be raised by a single parent, its mate may abandon the clutch or brood and increase its fitness by sequential polygamy (polyandry/polygyny) during a single breeding season.
This paper reviews field evidence suggesting that periodic temporary population irruptions of feral house mice Mus musculus in New Zealand have a substantial effect on the reproductive success of stoats Mustela erminea Linnaeus, 1758. Stoats born during the summer of a peak in numbers of mice are more numerous and have higher fecundity (ovulation rate) but lower productivity (independent offspring per female) and shorter longevity than those born when mice are not abundant. This reversed silver-spoon effect is apparently correlated with intense competition for food within a much larger than usual cohort of young stoats. However, both stoats and mice are introduced in New Zealand, so it is possible that these effects are not natural. The question could be resolved by data demonstrating similar cohort effects in stoats in the northern hemisphere, living in areas with fluctuating vole populations and limited alternative prey.
The paper revises Lhe recent hypotheses on the evolution of dispersal behaviour in voles, namely Emigrant Fitness Hypothesis (EFH) versus Resident Fitness Hypo­thesis (RFH), on the basis of 3-year study on dispersal of Bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber, 1780). The studied populations lived in three types of habitats: a small island, a rich alder forest (both optimal habitats) and small patches of woods (suboptimal habitat). The island population was treated as a control for dispersal occuring in two other populations. Young voles born in the first litters of the year commonly dispersed from the optimal natal habitat into the vacant suboptimal habitat. These immigrants had higher reproductive success in the new habitat than their counterparts in the control habitat. Residents, which were parents and younger siblings of emigrants, also benefitted from the absence of dispersers: their home ranges were less crowded and food depleted, and the rates of maturation were higher than in the control habitat. The gain in the inclusive fitness of matrilines with dispersing young is postulated as a ultimate cause for dispersal. A mutual overlap in predictions of EFH and RFH is indicated.
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